Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions最新文献

{"title":"An Analytical-Empirical Approach to Model Liquid Fuel Combustion Dynamics","authors":"Nicholas Magina, Fei Han, Janith Samarasinghe, Krishna Venkatesan","doi":"10.1115/gt2022-81745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-81745","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Combustion dynamics is one of the most important factors to be understood and navigated in the design of modern gas turbine combustors. For liquid-fueled combustors this becomes especially challenging given the complexity of additional physics involved, which includes fuel atomization and transport, mixing, reactive kinetics, and acoustics. In this paper an analytical approach to model combustion dynamics is described for an industrially relevant liquid fuel nozzle. For determining the flame fluctuating heat release response to inflow perturbations, an analytical liquid-fuel model was leveraged, developed as an extension and augmentation of traditional diffusion flame models. The acoustic response of the combustor was calculated using 3D finite-element models, including acoustic damping effects of key geometric features. These individual responses were then utilized in a time-domain Green’s function based approach to calculate the response, including growth and saturation, of pressure oscillations. To gain modeling approach confidence and enhanced accuracy, some model parameters impacted by real effects were calibrated manually to achieve better general agreement with the breadth of experimental and computational data available. This included measured flame transfer functions and dynamics metrics, both frequencies and amplitudes, and computed mode shapes and flame shapes. The calibrated modeling approach was then applied to two different combustors, a single-cup and full-annular configurations. It was found that the results agreed well with test data, especially trend-wise, across a modest range of operating conditions. However, at conditions which extended too far beyond the bounds of the data used for model calibration, model inaccuracies became evident. Lastly, sources of model inaccuracies and areas for improvement were discussed.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117245806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extension of Fuel Flexibility for Siemens Energy SGT-300-2S Dry Low Emission Combustion System","authors":"Phill Hubbard, Jadeed Beita, Kexin Liu, S. Sadasivuni, G. Bulat","doi":"10.1115/gt2022-80895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-80895","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper reports the results of high-pressure combustion rig testing carried out to assess the fuel flexibility of the standard Siemens Energy SGT-300-2S dry low emission (DLE) combustion system operated at engine conditions across a wide range of engine loads and ambient conditions. Variations of the fuel heating value, with Wobbe Index (WI) of 23 MJ/Sm3, 25 MJ/Sm3, 27.5 MJ/Sm3, 30 MJ/Sm3 and 45 MJ/Sm3 (UK natural gas) at standard conditions1, were achieved in a mixing plant by blending natural gas with CO2 as diluent. Emissions, fuel pressure, combustion dynamics, and flashback monitoring via measurement of burner and combustor can metal temperatures were the main parameters used to assess the effect of fuel flexibility on combustor performance. Test results show that NOx emissions decrease as the fuel heating value is reduced due to lower adiabatic flame temperatures for the MCV (Medium Calorific Value) fuels. CO emissions performance was found to be unaffected. However, decreasing fuel heating value leads to a requirement to increase the fuel supply pressure as a consequence of higher volumetric fuel flow rate to achieve the heat input requirements of the gas turbine. Combustion dynamics characteristics were found to be similar for the different fuel compositions. The impact of fuel heating value change on turbine nozzle guide vanes and blades was also investigated by measuring the combustion hot gas temperature profile at the exit of transition duct. The results show that there is no significant change in turbine entry temperature profile in terms of maximum temperature and pattern factors.\u0000 The successful development program has expanded the capability of the SGT-300-2S standard production DLE combustor to operate with a range of fuels covering a WI range of 25 MJ/Sm3 to 49 MJ/Sm3. The test results obtained on the SGT-300-2S combustion system provide significant experience for industrial gas turbine burner design for fuel flexibility.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"277 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132373833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel 100% Hydrogen Gas Turbine Combustor Development for Industrial Use","authors":"Eun-Seong Cho, Hanjin Jeong, Jeongjae Hwang, Minku Kim","doi":"10.1115/gt2022-80619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-80619","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Doosan is developing a 5 MW 100% hydrogen gas turbine combustor based on the existing NG (natural gas) firing combustor through a national project. This engine consists of 8 (eight) cans of the combustor and our plan is to develop a hydrogen burner to replace the existing NG burner, if possible, without any change of other combustor components such as liner & transition piece, etc. We developed various concept nozzles for 100% hydrogen combustion without flash back during the operating condition and low NOx emission using dry low NOx premixed combustion methods. Among the various concept nozzles several candidates conducted experiment test in ambient pressure condition which they showed low NOx emission and larger operating conditions through lean blow off and flame holding flash back test. The best nozzle will be selected and tested at ambient & high pressure can test for evaluating 100% hydrogen combustor development targets.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131816525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Heat and Power Supply Demonstration of Micro-Mix Hydrogen Combustion Applied to M1A-17 Gas Turbine","authors":"Atsushi Horikawa, M. Ashikaga, Masato Yamaguchi, Tomoyuki Ogino, Shigeki Aoki, M. Wirsum, H. Funke, K. Kusterer","doi":"10.1115/gt2022-81620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-81620","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. (KHI), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, and B&B-AGEMA GmbH have investigated the potential of low NOx micro-mix (MMX) hydrogen combustion and its application to an industrial gas turbine combustor. Engine demonstration tests of a MMX combustor for the M1A-17 gas turbine with a co-generation system were conducted in the hydrogen-fueled power generation plant in Kobe City, Japan.\u0000 This paper presents the results of the commissioning test and the combined heat and power (CHP) supply demonstration. In the commissioning test, grid interconnection, loading tests and load cut-off tests were successfully conducted. All measurement results satisfied the Japanese environmental regulation values. Dust and soot as well as SOx were not detected. The NOx emissions were below 84 ppmv at 15 % O2. The noise level at the site boundary was below 60 dB. The vibration at the site boundary was below 45 dB.\u0000 During the combined heat and power supply demonstration, heat and power were supplied to neighboring public facilities with the MMX combustion technology and 100 % hydrogen fuel. The electric power output reached 1800 kW at which the NOx emissions were 72 ppmv at 15 % O2, and 60 %RH. Combustion instabilities were not observed. The gas turbine efficiency was improved by about 1 % compared to a non-premixed type combustor with water injection as NOx reduction method. During a total equivalent operation time of 1040 hours, all combustor parts, the M1A-17 gas turbine as such, and the co-generation system were without any issues.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130881131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Combustion Dynamics in a High-Pressure Liquid-Fueled Swirl Combustor","authors":"A. Chandh, S. Adhikari, D. Wu, R. Mckinney, B. Emerson, Q. Zhang, D. Joshi, B. Sen, D. Davis","doi":"10.1115/gt2022-81590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-81590","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper, we present combustor acoustics in a high-pressure liquid-fueled Rich burn - Quick quench - Lean burn (RQL) styled swirl combustor with two separate fuel circuits. The fuel circuits are the primary fuel (which has a pressure atomizer nozzle) and secondary fuel (which has an air blast type nozzle) circuits. The data were acquired during two dynamical regimes — combustion noise, where there is an absence of large amplitude oscillations during the unsteady combustion process, and intermittency, where there are intermittent bursts of high amplitude oscillations that appear in a near-random fashion amidst regions of aperiodic low amplitude fluctuations. This dynamic transition from combustion noise to combustion intermittency is investigated experimentally by systematically varying the fuel equivalence ratio and primary-secondary fuel splits. Typical measures such as the amplitude of oscillations cannot serve as a measure of change in the dynamics from combustion noise to intermittency due to the highly turbulent nature. Hence, recurrence plots and complex networks are used to understand the differences in the combustor acoustics and velocity data during the two different regimes. We observe that the combustor transitions from stable operation to intermittency when the equivalence ratio is increased for a given primary fuel flow rate and conversely, when the percentage secondary fuel flow rate is increased for a given equivalence ratio. The contribution of this work is to demonstrate methodologies to detect combustion instability boundaries when approaching them from the stable side in highly turbulent, noisy combustors.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123066260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Performance of a 200kW Recuperated Gas Turbine Engine Operated on Up to 30% Hydrogen Added to Natural Gas","authors":"Walther Villatoro, V. McDonell, Ray Hu, D. Ayers","doi":"10.1115/gt2022-81643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-81643","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Achieving carbon neutrality and sustainability has prompted research efforts into reducing carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions in combustion systems without significantly increasing nitrogen oxides (NOx). Because of its high specific energy density, hydrogen is a prime candidate to eventually replace natural gas. Presently, using renewable hydrogen mixtures in natural gas turbines can reduce carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emission as a step towards carbon neutrality. In the present effort, a commercial natural gas 200kW microturbine generator produced by Capstone Green Energy Corporation is used to study the impact of hydrogen addition to natural gas. Exhaust emissions, injector temperatures, and power output are evaluated for increasing levels of hydrogen in the fuel mixture. Relative to emissions on 100% natural gas, the experimental results show that, for full load, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions decrease as the amount of hydrogen in the fuel mixture increases while the NOx emissions increase. This is attributed to the increased reactivity of hydrogen resulting in a jet flame stabilized closer to the injector exit as the amount of hydrogen is increased. While the injector tip temperatures increased modestly with additional hydrogen, visual inspection of the injectors following hydrogen addition tests indicate that flashback or combustion inside the injectors was not occurring. This is consistent with the modest changes in NOx with hydrogen addition. If flashback were occurring, the emissions levels would be expected to be significantly higher. The results also demonstrate that added hydrogen to the fuel does not have a statistically significant impact on overall system efficiency. In general, the results show that the injectors can withstand the temperature increase from hydrogen addition while maintaining low emissions at full load, indicating that addition of hydrogen is possible without any modification to this gas turbine engine which has been optimized for performance on natural gas. Parametric studies were carried out to demonstrate how modest changes in engine operating points and fuel injectors can be incorporated to attain single digit NOx levels with up to 30% hydrogen.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130546968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Emissions Performance of a CMC Combustor With Weakly Coupled Stratified Swirl Flames at Engine-Relevant Conditions","authors":"Wei Wei, Quanhong Xu, Xin Xue, Yue Yang, Cheng Liu","doi":"10.1115/gt2022-81619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-81619","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Experimental and theoretical studies were conducted to investigate the overall emissions of CO, NOx, and UHC in a centrally staged lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) combustor featuring weakly coupled stratified swirl flames. The combustor consisting of a ceramic matrix composites (CMC) plate was run at aero engine-relevant conditions, with inlet temperatures and pressures up to 810 K and 2.2 MPa. The combustor adopted the concept of impinging cooling thanks to the heat-resistant property of CMC. The cooling air entering from the dome subsequently participated in combustion. The design of the test matrix was based on the typical operating conditions of practical LPP combustor. Without downstream cooling holes on the liner, the injector equivalence ratio was equal to global equivalence ratio of the entire combustor. The overall emissions data including EICO, EINOx, and EIUHC were obtained using a gas analyzing system under 15 different operating conditions. With a low fuel-air ratio (FAR), EINOx reached its lowest value when the pilot-to-total fuel split ratio (SR) was close to 0.13. With the increase in FAR, the main stage and pilot stage started to collectively dominate the emissions performance, eventually making the EINOx-versus-SR curve level off at a high FAR. Since the trend of CO emissions is normally contrary to that of combustion efficiency, EICO consistently remained at a low level in this combustor under the currently investigated conditions. EIUHC varied significantly with SR, where the pilot stage contributed more to emissions at low SfR while the main stage played a more important role with the increment of SR. Moreover, a new empirical correlation for NOx emissions in LPP staged CMC combustor was proposed.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"24 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131336831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Fuel Properties Impact on Lean Blowout in the ARC-M1 Combustor","authors":"D. Dasgupta, S. Som, Eric Wood, Tonghun Lee, Eric K. Mayhew, J. Temme, Chol-Bum M. Kweon","doi":"10.1115/gt2022-79347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-79347","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The flow and flame dynamics within liquid fueled gas turbine combustors are complex due to the interactions between the highly turbulent flow, spray dynamics and combustion. Computational tools help understand these governing processes. A computational fluid dynamics model for Army Research Combustor Midsize (ARC-M1) is developed to characterize the complex turbulent flow, multi-phase spray physics and hydrocarbon chemistry. Using high-quality X-ray data for the combustor, the spray is initialized in the near nozzle region. To understand the overall impact of liquid properties, the liquid properties corresponding to Jet-A and F-24 are tested. It is observed that F-24 has a higher LBO liquid flow rate compared to Jet A. To understand the impact of individual properties, liquid properties such as density, viscosity, specific heat, heat of vaporization, are changed one at a time. It was observed that an increase in density, viscosity, heat of vaporization and specific heat w.r.t Jet-A tends to increase the LBO liquid flow rate i.e. makes the flame blow-off at higher equivalence ratios. This is attributed to the altered flame shapes and the impact of these properties on fuel heating and its subsequent vaporization.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"542 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120884375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Effect of Noise Induced Dynamics on Linear Growth Rates of Oscillations in an Electroacoustic Rijke Tube Simulator","authors":"N. Vishnoi, P. Wahi, Aditya Saurabh, Lipika Kabiraj","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-58691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58691","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Suppressing self-excited thermoacoustic oscillations in combustion chambers is essential for gas turbine system stability. Passive acoustic damping devices such as Helmholtz resonators are commonly employed in modern combustors to address the problem of thermoacoustic instabilities. The estimation of deterministic parameters characterizing flame-acoustic coupling, specifically the stability margins and linear growth/decay rates, is a prerequisite for designing these devices. As gas turbine combustors are typically noisy systems due to the presence of highly turbulent flows and unsteady combustion, it is essential to understand the role of noise and its impact on the estimated system stability. Recently several new results on the stochastic dynamics of thermoacoustic systems and the use of noise-induced dynamics to estimate system stability characteristics have been reported. In the present work, we study the different approaches previously reported on the estimation of linear growth/decay rates from noise-induced dynamics on an electroacoustic Rijke tube (a prototypical thermoacoustic system) simulator. We estimate the growth rates from noisy data obtained from the subthreshold, bistable, and linearly-unstable regions of the observed subcritical Hopf bifurcation and investigate the effect of additive noise intensity. We find that the noise intensity affects the stability boundaries and the estimated growth rates.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122643095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Center Body Burner for Sequential Combustion: Superior Performance at Lower Emissions","authors":"A. Ciani, J. Wood, M. Maurer, B. Bunkute, D. Pennell, S. Riazantsev, G. Früchtel","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-59074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59074","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Modern gas turbines call for an ultra-high firing temperature and fuel flexibility while keeping emissions at very low levels. Sequential combustion has demonstrated its advantages toward such ambitious targets.\u0000 A sequential combustion system, as deployed in the GT26 and GT36 engines, consists of two burners in series, the first one optimized to provide the optimum boundary condition for the second one, the sequential burner. This is the key component for the achievement of the required combustor performance dictated by F and H class engines, including versatile and robust operation with hydrogen-based fuels.\u0000 This paper describes the key development considerations used to establish a new sequential burner surpassing state-of-the-art hardware in terms of emission reduction, fuel flexibility and load flexibility. A novel multi-point injector geometry was deployed based on combustion and fluid dynamic considerations to maximize fuel / air mixing quality at minimum pressure loss. Water channel experiments complemented by CFD describe the evolution of the fuel / air mixture fraction through the mixing section and combustion chamber to enable operation with major NOx reduction. Furthermore, Laser Doppler Anemometry and Laser Induced Fluorescence were used to best characterize the interaction between hot-air and fuel and the fuel / air mixing in the most critical regions of the system. To complete the overview of the key development steps, mechanical integrity and manufacturing considerations based on additive manufacturing are also presented. The outcome of 1D, CFD and fluid dynamic experimental findings were then validated through full-scale, full-pressure combustion tests. These demonstrate the novel Center Body Burner is enabling operation at lower emissions, both at part load and full load conditions. Furthermore, the validation of the burner was also extended to hydrogen-based fuels with a variety of hydrogen / natural gas blends.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117309110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}