{"title":"Exogenous application of RNAs as a silencing tool for discovering gene function.","authors":"B. Molesini, T. Pandolfini","doi":"10.1079/9781789248890.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter focuses on the importance of the RNA silencing technique in unraveling the function of genes by inhibiting gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, and is particularly appropriate for studying developmental processes such as fruit setting and growth that require a tight organ/tissue and time-specific regulation of the expression of target genes. Some methods used for establishing the function of a specific gene altering gene expression at either the genomic or post-transcriptional level are also presented.","PeriodicalId":121833,"journal":{"name":"RNAi for plant improvement and protection","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123866370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Food and feed safety assessment of RNAi plants and products.","authors":"H. Naegeli, Gijs Klete, A. Dietz-Pfeilstetter","doi":"10.1079/9781789248890.0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0131","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This paper evaluates the potential hazards of food and feed derived from RNAi plants including: adverse changes of plant metabolism; mechanisms and potential for non-target gene silencing in humans and livestock, including gut microbiome; bioinformatics tools for predictionof off-target sequences of interfering RNA; the possible non-specific effects of dsRNA and siRNA in mammals; and the comparison of data requirements for safety assessment of food and feed from RNAi plants and from plants expressing recombinant proteins. It also discusses exposure and RNAi-specific risk assessment.","PeriodicalId":121833,"journal":{"name":"RNAi for plant improvement and protection","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116265959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Regulatory aspects of RNAi in plant production.","authors":"W. Schenkel, A. Gathmann","doi":"10.1079/9781789248890.0154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0154","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Technologies based on RNA interference (RNAi) may be used in plant production in different contexts. With respect to applicable regulations, a major distinction is to be made between plants producing small RNA molecules due to modifications of the genome and topically applied plant protection products (PPPs) based on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The first group may be further divided into those using RNAi technology to achieve changes in the plant's metabolism and those where plant-produced RNA molecules are intended to impact other organisms that interact with the plant. For PPPs, relevant aspects are whether the product contains living organisms or only purified molecules. The intended use of the product is another relevant aspect with respect to regulation. It is expected that PPPs will be among the first products utilizing the RNAi mechanism in the European Union. This chapter discusses the regulation of modified RNAi plants and the regulation of PPPs utilizing RNAi mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":121833,"journal":{"name":"RNAi for plant improvement and protection","volume":"274 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124434049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Environmental safety assessment of plants expressing RNAi for pest control.","authors":"S. Arpaia, O. Christiaens, P. Krogh, K. M. Parker","doi":"10.1079/9781789248890.0117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0117","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter focuses on the importance of problem formulation (PF) in the environmental risk assessment process, which involves the identification of the possible hazards associated with a stressor, i.e. transgenic RNAi expressing plants or RNAi-based pesticides. The risk hypotheses developed from the PF that can be used to hypothesize pathways to risk and support the design of experimental studies to determine environmental impacts are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":121833,"journal":{"name":"RNAi for plant improvement and protection","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131965233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ricci, S. Sabbadini, L. Miozzi, B. Mezzetti, E. Noris
{"title":"Host-induced gene silencing and spray-induced gene silencing for crop protection against viruses.","authors":"A. Ricci, S. Sabbadini, L. Miozzi, B. Mezzetti, E. Noris","doi":"10.1079/9781789248890.0072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0072","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Since the beginning of agriculture, plant virus diseases have been a strong challenge for farming. Following its discovery at the very beginning of the 1990s, the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism has been widely studied and exploited as an integrative tool to obtain resistance to viruses in several plant species, with high target-sequence specificity. In this chapter, we describe and review the major aspects of host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), as one of the possible plant defence methods, using genetic engineering techniques. In particular, we focus our attention on the use of RNAi-based gene constructs to introduce stable resistance in host plants against viral diseases, by triggering post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Recently, spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), consisting of the topical application of small RNA molecules to plants, has been explored as an alternative tool to the stable integration of RNAi-based gene constructs in plants. SIGS has great and innovative potential for crop defence against different plant pathogens and pests and is expected to raise less public and political concern, as it does not alter the genetic structure of the plant.","PeriodicalId":121833,"journal":{"name":"RNAi for plant improvement and protection","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124076992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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