Further ReadingPub Date : 2020-02-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.29
L. Emerson
{"title":"Interfaced","authors":"L. Emerson","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.29","url":null,"abstract":"This essay discusses the flexibility of the term “interface” and argues that an approach that draws from media studies, literature, and the arts provides a unique perspective to work with and against the grain of contemporary, ubiquitous, nearly invisible interfaces to (frequently) blackboxed digital technologies; media studies and literature and the arts can reveal the ways in which these interfaces too often foreclose on our access to information, knowledge, and creativity, and they can also re-insert values such as accessibility, transparency, and configurability, if not into the design of interfaces themselves, then at least into our experience of these interfaces.","PeriodicalId":121475,"journal":{"name":"Further Reading","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127714968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Further ReadingPub Date : 2020-02-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.4
S. Connor
{"title":"In Public","authors":"S. Connor","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"This essay considers public reading—the act of reading, performed in public, of public notices, inscriptions, labels, banners, and advertisements, which makes the experience of modern life a state of incessant address. Examples are taken from Dickens’s Bleak House and Joyce’s Ulysses, with particular attention being paid to the treatment given to advertising through skywriting in Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway. Many of the forms of public inscription or announcement borrow or blend with forms of mechanical motion, which is anticipated in the device known as “The Readies” invented by Bob Brown in the early 1930s. The essay concludes with a discussion of the growing expressiveness of and sensitivity to typefaces, especially in the psychotypographic force possessed by capital letters.","PeriodicalId":121475,"journal":{"name":"Further Reading","volume":"04 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127255605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Further ReadingPub Date : 2020-02-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.6
Natalie E. Phillips, C. Mejeur, Melissa Klamer, Karah Smith, Salvatore Antonnuci
{"title":"Neuroimaged","authors":"Natalie E. Phillips, C. Mejeur, Melissa Klamer, Karah Smith, Salvatore Antonnuci","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"Literary scholars have long known that reading can create worlds, make us feel, and even change our minds. Recent advances in cognitive neuroscience reveal the regions and networks of the brain that facilitate these reading processes. Using several studies of literature, poetry, and music conducted at the Digital Humanities and Literary Cognition lab at Michigan State University, this chapter demonstrates how we can bring together literary and neuroscientific understandings of reading to better grasp how we read, including how we read differently. In particular, fMRI allows us to see how our brain activity and engagement with literature while reading changes dramatically over time, and how our feelings and interpretations emerge dynamically in the moment-to-moment reading of the text. Beyond helping us understand the processes of reading better, reading in a scanner also presents an opportunity to rethink what reading is and looks like in an increasingly digital world.","PeriodicalId":121475,"journal":{"name":"Further Reading","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128809284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Further ReadingPub Date : 2020-02-06DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.1958.tb01320.x
D. Lynch
{"title":"Assigned","authors":"D. Lynch","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-7325.1958.tb01320.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.1958.tb01320.x","url":null,"abstract":"Enlightenment theorists of education and advocates for children’s literature like John Locke and William Godwin associated reading with the rights-bearing, independent subject who stands at the center of liberal political tradition. This identification would be reiterated over time, including in the early twentieth century by some architects of the discipline of English studies. This essay considers the fault lines in such accounts of reading as an exercise of self-determination. It considers how such book-boosterism tends to falter when it confronts compulsory schooling or the actual process by which literacy is acquired. Child readers, whose books are assigned, that is, foisted upon them by others, trouble the profile these discussions assume of the reader as an independent consumer. At the same time, the solitary child dreaming over a book—and doing so at a remove from the schoolroom—has since Romanticism become one of Anglo-American culture’s privileged emblems of imaginative liberty.","PeriodicalId":121475,"journal":{"name":"Further Reading","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117328777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Further ReadingPub Date : 2020-02-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.20
P. Armstrong
{"title":"Neuroscience","authors":"P. Armstrong","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.20","url":null,"abstract":"The claims that literary critics and theorists make about language, reading, emotions, and the social powers of literature are based on assumptions about cognition that can and should be tested against the relevant science. The findings of contemporary neuroscience will not settle all disputes about such matters, but the acceptance of some empirically tested postulates about the workings of the brain may at least rule some mistaken views out of bounds. The current scientific consensus is that language is a “bio-cultural hybrid” that develops through the interaction of inherited functions and anatomical structures in the brain with culturally variable experiences of communication and education. Any claims for cognitive or linguistic universality need to square with our bio-cultural hybridity. Brain-based, embodied cognitive processes constrain our experiences with literature, but they do not completely prescribe our responses or predetermine the effects of reading on our lives.","PeriodicalId":121475,"journal":{"name":"Further Reading","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124900989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Further ReadingPub Date : 2020-02-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.21
Andrew Elfenbein
{"title":"Mental Representation","authors":"Andrew Elfenbein","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.21","url":null,"abstract":"Book history, media studies, and digital humanities have foregrounded the physical medium of texts and have shown special interest in the rise of digital media. This essay acknowledges the value of these disciplines but also points to their limitations as sites for analyzing reading. Scholars should not draw conclusions about reception based on a work’s medium of presentation. The comprehension process, as described in cognitive psychology, provides a powerful alternative for understanding reading; psychologists have argued for the existence of general comprehension skills that operate across media. Whatever the origin of a text, comprehension occurs in the same medium, the mind of the reader. The study of reading in the humanities needs to separate itself from the disciplines with which it is usually associated (book history and media studies) because these mask critical aspects of the reading process.","PeriodicalId":121475,"journal":{"name":"Further Reading","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125374697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Further ReadingPub Date : 2020-02-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.19
J. Lazar
{"title":"Accessibility","authors":"J. Lazar","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"Accessibility means flexibility. In terms of format, some people prefer to read a print book or a newspaper, and other people prefer to read their texts digitally and on different types of devices and screens. All books are now “born-digital,” ready to be transformed into multiple formats, but are often turned into inaccessible formats (such as improperly formatted PDFs). Even when people with disabilities have the legal right to access reading material in the format that they need and can process, often they must enforce that right when book publishers, content providers, educational systems, and administrators do not provide reading content in appropriate formats. This chapter discusses both the legal foundations and the technical foundations of accessible reading. The chapter closes with ten suggestions for how to encourage publishers and others to make reading material more accessible.","PeriodicalId":121475,"journal":{"name":"Further Reading","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114889140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Further ReadingPub Date : 2020-02-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.14
J. Drucker
{"title":"Sight","authors":"J. Drucker","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.14","url":null,"abstract":"Playing on the pun between site and sight, this chapter argues that the way we process the visual dimensions of language is connected to the spatial conditions and circumstances in which we encounter written texts. In other words, where we read is as fundamental to the way the meaning of written language is produced and contributes materially to how we understand what we are reading. This assertion suggests that all reading of signs and inscriptions is not only dependent on the circumstances in which the text is encountered, but that texts help constitute the “world” in which they are read. This constructivist approach proceeds from the assumption that space is an effect of inscriptional traces. In the highly mediated circumstances of current culture, we are constantly—simultaneously—processing multiple intersecting systems of digital and analog instances of written communication, which means that temporal aspects of site/sight are also in play.","PeriodicalId":121475,"journal":{"name":"Further Reading","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130913326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Further ReadingPub Date : 2020-02-06DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.26
W. Trettien
{"title":"Tracked","authors":"W. Trettien","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.013.26","url":null,"abstract":"How do technologies track our reading? Digital devices today can monitor not only what you read electronically, but when, where, and for how long. From an artist’s book by Heather Weston and eighteenth-century commonplacing techniques to Kindle Highlights and social reading sites like GoodReads, this chapter takes a wide-ranging, playful look at the ways both humans and machines have used various platforms to track their reading over time. By critically examining the deep history of social reading practices, this chapter aims to bring into relief what is new or different about emerging digital technologies and the forms of reading they foster.","PeriodicalId":121475,"journal":{"name":"Further Reading","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126909799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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