Environment and Planning A最新文献_第9页

Niche entrepreneurs in urban systems integration: On the role of individuals in niche formation 城市系统整合中的生态位企业家:论个体在生态位形成中的作用

Environment and Planning A Pub Date : 2017-04-19 DOI: 10.1177/0308518X17705383

U. Pesch, A. Vernay, Ellen van Bueren, Sofie Pandis Iverot

{"title":"Niche entrepreneurs in urban systems integration: On the role of individuals in niche formation","authors":"U. Pesch, A. Vernay, Ellen van Bueren, Sofie Pandis Iverot","doi":"10.1177/0308518X17705383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X17705383","url":null,"abstract":"In many sustainable urban innovation projects, the efforts, endurance and enthusiasm of individuals at key positions are considered a crucial factor for success. This article studies the role of individual agency in sociotechnical niches by using Kingdon’s agenda-setting model. Although strategic niche management is commonly used to study processes of urban innovation, the process of niche formation and the role of individual agency has been understudied. We will introduce the notion of the ‘niche entrepreneur’ as an actor who, analogous to Kingdon’s policy entrepreneur, connects the elements that are needed to develop a successful niche that allows learning for sustainability transitions. We will study the process of niche formation and the role of individual entrepreneurship therein, and identify the strategies that have been used by individuals to create a successful niche. This will be done for three cases in urban systems integration: the development of Eva Lanxmeer, a residential district in a drinking water retention area in Culemborg, the Netherlands; the transformation of the waste management practices of Lille Métropole Urban Community, France; and the development of the urban district Hammarby Sjöstad, Sweden. Our findings show that for the successful formation of niches, it is necessary to create ambitious, but clear goals and matching concrete operational plans; niche entrepreneurs may play the role of project champions that contribute significantly to the operationalization, monitoring and the effectuation of the original goals of the project; the strategies of niche entrepreneurs emphasize the building of coalitions and the securing of space for learning.","PeriodicalId":11906,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning A","volume":"9 1","pages":"1922 - 1942"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90016912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 27

Parkwood Springs – A fringe in time: Temporality and heritage in an urban fringe landscape Parkwood Springs -时间的边缘:城市边缘景观的时间性和遗产

Environment and Planning A Pub Date : 2017-04-13 DOI: 10.1177/0308518X17704202

Anna Jorgensen, S. Dobson, C. Heatherington

引用次数: 7

Mapping cities by transit riders’ trajectories: The case of Brisbane, Australia 通过公交乘客的轨迹绘制城市地图:以澳大利亚布里斯班为例

Environment and Planning A Pub Date : 2017-04-04 DOI: 10.1177/0308518X17702647

Jiangping Zhou, J. Corcoran, Rosabella Borsellino

引用次数: 4

Clean city politics: An urban political ecology of solid waste in West Bengal, India 清洁城市政治:印度西孟加拉邦固体废物的城市政治生态

Environment and Planning A Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/0308518X16682028

Natasha Cornea, R. Véron, Anna Zimmer

{"title":"Clean city politics: An urban political ecology of solid waste in West Bengal, India","authors":"Natasha Cornea, R. Véron, Anna Zimmer","doi":"10.1177/0308518X16682028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X16682028","url":null,"abstract":"Solid waste management is often perceived as one of the most pressing environmental problems facing local governments in urban India and elsewhere in the global south. However, solid waste is not simply a managerial problem but is in many ways a highly political issue that involves diverse political actors at different scales. Particularly at the local level, solid waste management can also be a key part of broader political strategies, acting through its unique materiality as an environmental artefact and social relic. In this paper, we use an urban political ecology approach to examine a recent segregation-at-source project in a small town in West Bengal as a lens to understand more general multi-scalar, socio-political urban processes. Drawing primarily upon qualitative field research, the paper shows how diffuse forms of power and different governmentalities were applied between and within state-level government agents, municipal authorities, local waste workers and local communities to implement and (re)shape this project. The research points to the complexity of urban environmental governance and everyday politics in which action repertoires ranging from threats, the creation of environmental and hygienic subjects, moral appeals and economic rationality, underpinned by the harmful character of waste and by socio-cultural imaginaries thereof, (re)produced uneven political ecologies of waste between and within different neighbourhoods of the city.","PeriodicalId":11906,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning A","volume":"37 1","pages":"728 - 744"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90494962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 29

Economic shock and regional resilience: Continuity and change in Canada's regional employment structure, 1987–2012 经济冲击与区域弹性:1987-2012年加拿大区域就业结构的连续性与变化

Environment and Planning A Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/0308518X16681788

D. M. Ray, I. MacLachlan, R. Lamarche, KP Srinath

{"title":"Economic shock and regional resilience: Continuity and change in Canada's regional employment structure, 1987–2012","authors":"D. M. Ray, I. MacLachlan, R. Lamarche, KP Srinath","doi":"10.1177/0308518X16681788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X16681788","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses regional resilience to economic shock in Canada from 1987 to 2012, a period that included severe recessions and major free-trade agreements. Employment is cross-tabulated by region, industry and gender and partitioned cumulatively using three-way multifactor partitioning for each period from 1987–1988 to 1987–2012. Employment loss in each recession is found to be more closely associated with industry-mix in the preceding growth period than with the region effect. At each recession, manufacturing had much bigger employment losses and a much weaker recovery than business services. Thus manufacturing amplifies economic shocks, while business services act as regional shock absorbers. Manufacturing employment decline in Ontario was influenced by trade liberalization and far exceeds what would be expected from the industry and region effects alone. Female employment growth outpaced male employment growth in every region and in every industry group apart from business and appeared to be more resilient to recession. But corrected for their industry composition and regional disparities, these gender differences are substantially reduced.","PeriodicalId":11906,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning A","volume":"43 1","pages":"952 - 973"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86646478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 26

Exploring accessibility from spatial interaction data: An evaluation of the Essential Air Service (EAS) program in the contiguous US air transport system 从空间交互数据探索可达性:对美国连续航空运输系统中基本航空服务(EAS)计划的评估

Environment and Planning A Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/0308518X16680816

Yongha Park, M. O’Kelly

{"title":"Exploring accessibility from spatial interaction data: An evaluation of the Essential Air Service (EAS) program in the contiguous US air transport system","authors":"Yongha Park, M. O’Kelly","doi":"10.1177/0308518X16680816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X16680816","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is primarily concerned with the accessibility of airports located in small and geographically isolated communities. Specifically, it carries out a sensitivity analysis to derive rates of change for the parameters of a spatial interaction model applied to empirical air passenger trip data, and interprets the results focusing on the local airports subsidized by the Essential Air Service program. An empirical trip based accessibility measure is developed for individual airports in the contiguous US air transportation system. The measure enables us to capture the distinctive roles of small airports, which primarily function as regional associates of nearby cities and entrances for long-haul trips via major hub(s) to continental-scale connections. We observe the geographic and temporal variability of accessibility among airports, regarding the external factors including the dynamics of air carriers’ routing schemes, as well as global and local circumstances. Their impacts on passenger journey lengths are substantial at the local airports due to the few available connections. This issue has received less attention in existing subsidy program assessments. Furthermore, we explore the geographic distribution of non-subsidized local airports showing similar accessibility conditions. This paper enhances prior development by showing that the rates of change in accessibility scores are largely stable over recent national air passenger data.","PeriodicalId":11906,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning A","volume":"166 1","pages":"930 - 951"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86744522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

City government in an age of austerity: Discursive institutions and critique 紧缩时代的市政府:话语制度与批判

Environment and Planning A Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/0308518X16684139

C. Fuller

{"title":"City government in an age of austerity: Discursive institutions and critique","authors":"C. Fuller","doi":"10.1177/0308518X16684139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X16684139","url":null,"abstract":"Austerity is an increasingly important feature of urban society in Western countries, both as a site interwoven with the crisis tendencies of capitalism and as spaces mitigating austerity programmes instigated by nation states. Cities have therefore become key spaces in the mediation of ‘austerity urbanism’, but where such processes involve deliberation, making the production of consensus highly problematic. Such tendencies require far greater intellectual sensitivity towards the practices of agents as they seek to enact social control and coordination, as well as subordinate resistance and critique. ‘Pragmatist Sociology’ is utilised in this paper to examine the construction and deployment of discursive institutions seeking to control the behaviour of actors, including reducing critique, with the intention of legitimising austerity programmes. Such discursive institutions establish semantic links between the discursive aims of those seeking to control and the pragmatics of the everyday lives of those subject to such institutions. The paper seeks to examine, first, through a case study of an English city, how key decision-makers construct discursive institutions in the implementation of austerity and subordination of resistance and, second, the actual practices of resisting austerity. In conclusion, the paper finds that austerity governance is characterised by discursive austerity institutions based on market and bureaucratic values, where large-scale critique has been marginalised, resulting in minor forms of critique in the everyday, and compounded by constant efforts at the reconfirmation of discursive institutions.","PeriodicalId":11906,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning A","volume":"81 1","pages":"745 - 766"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90374270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 21

Emerging intra-urban geographies of the cognitive-cultural economy: Evidence from residential neighbourhoods in Dutch cities 认知文化经济的新兴城市内地理:来自荷兰城市居民区的证据

Environment and Planning A Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/0308518X16684826

E. Folmer, R. Kloosterman

{"title":"Emerging intra-urban geographies of the cognitive-cultural economy: Evidence from residential neighbourhoods in Dutch cities","authors":"E. Folmer, R. Kloosterman","doi":"10.1177/0308518X16684826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X16684826","url":null,"abstract":"Most existing research on advanced economic activities focuses on either inner city milieus or suburban industrial parks. We contend, however, that residential neighbourhoods constitute a milieu for economic activities which require the input of high-skilled labour or, to follow Allen Scott, cognitive-cultural activities which are characteristic for contemporary urban economies. Based on a longitudinal data set of company-level data, we show that a significant share of economic activities in urban residential neighbourhoods can indeed be classified as cognitive-cultural and that this share has been growing over the period 1999–2008. We present an analysis of the spatiality of the embeddedness of these activities. In particular, we focus on their traded and untraded interdependencies. For this part of the analysis, we use survey data of 370 businesses based in Dutch residential neighbourhoods. Overall, cognitive-cultural activities maintain many untraded interdependencies on a local level, whereas they maintain most traded interdependencies on a supra-local level. They appear to be making frequent use of both local buzz as well as of supralocal ‘pipelines’, and are thus embedded on various spatial scales. Residential neighbourhoods, then, have to be taken more seriously not just as places of consumption but also as milieus of production for more advanced economic activities.","PeriodicalId":11906,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning A","volume":"30 1","pages":"801 - 818"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86899757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Spatial impacts of the creation of Brasília: A natural experiment 创建Brasília的空间影响:一个自然实验

Environment and Planning A Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/0308518X16684519

A. Grimes, V. Matlaba, J. Poot

{"title":"Spatial impacts of the creation of Brasília: A natural experiment","authors":"A. Grimes, V. Matlaba, J. Poot","doi":"10.1177/0308518X16684519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X16684519","url":null,"abstract":"Using data spanning 70 years (1939–2008), we examine whether Kubitschek’s planned creation of Brasília and its associated highway network had its intended effect of spreading development from Brazil’s coast to its interior. Specifically, we test whether the spatial structure of the country’s urban population and per capita GDP changed as a result of Brasília’s inauguration in 1960. Uniquely amongst studies of Brasília’s impacts, we use a ‘spatial-difference-in-differences’ approach, contrasting pre-Brasília with post-Brasília outcomes. We control for macroeconomic conditions, fixed city-specific factors, convergence forces, changing industrial structure and agglomeration impacts arising from proximity to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. We find a modest impact on population in the western coastal and western interior regions whose share of Brazil’s urban population increased from 4.8% (1959) to 9.0% (2008); our spatial-difference-in-differences estimates show the impact to be statistically significant. We confirm per capita income convergence across regions, but we find no (descriptive or statistical) evidence of per capita income effects related to proximity to Brasília. Thus, even a massive development initiative such as Brasília’s creation is estimated to have had only limited population impacts and zero per capita income impacts on the spatial structure of Brazil’s economy outside of Brasília itself.","PeriodicalId":11906,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Planning A","volume":"19 ","pages":"784 - 800"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91551862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

The making of a pro-cycling city: Social practices and bicycle mobilities 打造亲自行车城市:社会实践与自行车出行

Environment and Planning A Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/0308518X16682732

J. Larsen

引用次数: 63