ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS最新文献

{"title":"ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF OIL PRODUCING COMMUNITIES IN PART OF THE NIGER DELTA. A CASE STUDY OF IBENO, IKOT ABASI, ONNA AND ESIT-EKET LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA","authors":"T. A. Harry, Ekemini John Peter, Nsidibe Akpan Udoduk","doi":"10.26480/ecr.02.2022.49.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.02.2022.49.56","url":null,"abstract":"An Environmental Impact Assessment was initiated to monitor the distribution and effect of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants on the quality of the surface water, groundwater, and sediments of Ibeno, Esit-Eket, Onna, and Ikot Abasi. Eighty-one (81) samples were randomly collected from surface water, boreholes, and soil for analyses based on the standard physiochemical parameters for comparison with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard. The variation in the average pH of water was not significant (6.5 to 8.0), well within the range for unpolluted streams. However, the total hydrocarbon content (THC) of the sediments was greater than 200 mg/kg, which is the limit, thus indicating heavy pollution by hydrocarbons. The pollution indices for the potential contaminants were also determined, in which the pollution index of surface water samples and borehole water sample is <1 indicating an unpolluted water body, while the pollution index of sediment samples was > 1, showing polluted sediments.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83274451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE REMOVAL OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION THROUGH BIO-ADSORBENTS (EGGSHELL, DATE PALM SEEDS AND PAPAYA SEEDS)","authors":"Mariya Kiran Baloch, R. Brohi, K. M. Brohi, Shafquat Ali Baloch, A. Mahar, M. Kiran","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2022.01.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2022.01.08","url":null,"abstract":"Water pollution is serious concern due to large quantity of colored wastewater discharged from various industrial outlets i.e. textile, and no proper treatment methods are being used to decolor such wastewater. Untreated liquid effluents are discharged in marine ecosystems i.e. lakes, ponds, posing a very serious risk to aquatic life, flora and fauna. It reduces the ability of light penetration to reach deep down in water resulting in a decrement of biological oxygen demand in water bodies. Therefore, the treatment of colored wastewater is significant before discharge. The conventional treatment options are costly and time consuming. The textile dyes can be removed through adsorption using cost effective and eco-friendly adsorbents. This work was aimed to test the potential of Bio-adsorbent waste like eggshells, date palm seeds, and papaya seeds¬¬ to remove methylene blue dye and their effects on following parameters such as dosage mg/g, pH, initial concentration, contact time and speed rpm. The characterization of surface adsorbents was assessed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. Various isotherms included like fitted Langmuir Freundlich and Kinetic model for the adsorption data. The kinetic study of Methylene blue dye on Adsorbents Eggshell, Date palm seeds and Papaya seeds follow pseudo-second order reaction. Lastly the desorption of Methylene blue dye on Eggshell, Date palm seeds and Papaya seeds using 0.1M HCL. The restoration % of dye on each adsorbent was different found. It can be accepted that adsorbent material as a useful eco–friendly for the removal of MB.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85571628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SPATIAL MODELING OF AIR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS USING GWR AND ANFIS MODELS IN TEHRAN CITY","authors":"Vahid Isazade, Abdul Baser Qasimi, Keyvan Seraj, Esmail Isazade","doi":"10.26480/ecr.02.2022.78.84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.02.2022.78.84","url":null,"abstract":"Today, air quality is a major subject in city regions that have affected human health, the environment, and the city ecosystem. Therefore, government officials, environmental organizations, health organizations, and city managers often need to model the concentration of air contaminants. This study aimed to compare geographically weighted regression (GWR) modeling and neural network (ANFIS) using Segno and Mamdani rules to spatially predict the concentration density of fNO2, CO, and SO2 pollutant indices. And PM 2.5 for the year 2021 in Tehran. The results of the statistical analysis of Sugeno and Mamdani rules revealed that the (RMSE) in evaluating the ANFIS model with the Mamdani method was 0.895 ppm, and with the Sugno method it was 1.004 ppm, whereas the RMSE in terms of Spatial weighted regression model was obtained on digital model with a height of (12.5 m) and a value of 692.0 ppm. The evaluation results showed that Mamdani and Sugno laws do not have the same and desirable accuracy. For Mamdani law, the RMSE level of PM 2.5 pollutant was (0.71 ppm) and according to Sugno law, this level was obtained for CO pollutant (0.81 ppm). While evaluating the geographically weighted regression model for the four air pollution indices the digital altitude model of (12.5 m) had similar results, which statistically for the digital altitude model of (12.5 m) obtained the RMSE for PM 2.5 (0.82 ppm). The findings of this study demonstrated that the weighted geographic regression model and the ANFI neural network have acceptable functionalities for spatial prediction of air pollutants.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81276709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A REVIEW: EFFECTS OF NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS ON SOIL (PH, MICROBIAL COMMUNITY, GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSION AND CARBON POOL)","authors":"P. Sharma, A. Tripathi, M. Pandey","doi":"10.26480/ecr.02.2022.44.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.02.2022.44.48","url":null,"abstract":"With world population increasing at such fast rate and land available to cultivate decreasing substantially, it is of prime need to increase the productivity. This is the reason of increasing use of fertilizer in the world especially N fertilizer because of its direct influence on growth attributes. The main objective of this article is to review the existing literature regarding the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application in soil pH, microbial community, soil carbon pool and emission of Green House Gases. Most researches have shown urea to be the major source of anthropogenic N addition to soil. Studies have concluded that the unmanaged application of N fertilizers in excess amount than what crops utilize is the nerve center favoring pH change. In regards to their impact in microbial community, previous land management practice seemed pivotal. Also, abundance and diversity of greater fraction of microbes (fungi and bacteria) narrowed down with intensified application in cultivated soils in majority of trails studied. Increased efflux of CO2 and N2O was observed in soil fertilized with N however, CH4 emission was limited as methanotrophs were replaced with nitrifiers. Acid rain was highly favored with such emissions. No changes in soil organic carbon pool were seen in short period but in due course of time, decomposition or turnover rate decreased increasing the stability of carbon under lignin rich root residues. Therefore, alterations varying with depth have been noticed in soils treated with N due to mineral association.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84497365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY USING WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI) METHOD IN SOUTHERN IJAW LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA","authors":"Peterside, A.N, Hart, A.I, N. H.O.","doi":"10.26480/ecr.02.2022.64.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.02.2022.64.68","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims at using Water Quality Index (WQI) method for groundwater assessment in some communities in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A total of fifteen (15) communities within the LGA were selected and groundwater from hand-dug well (HDW-15 samples) and borehole (BH-15 samples) was sourced during the wet season (July) and dry season (March). The analyses for water quality index was carried out through laboratory APHA standard. The weighted arithmetic water quality method was applied to assess water suitability for drinking purposes. The Quality Index indicated that HDW (67%-good and 33%-poor) and BH (87%-excellent, 13%-very poor) quality during the wet season and HDW (80%- good to excellent, 20%-poor) and BH (100%- good to excellent) during dry season. Spatial variation of water quality index maps for HDW show most deteriorated groundwater quality is centered within hand dug well towards the western part of the area during both wet and dry seasons respectively. Continuous monitoring of the water quality, improvement of environmental quality and sanitation practices is advocated and advised.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79050403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"POLLUTION EVALUATION AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN STREAM WATER AT EAST AKIM MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLY, GHANA","authors":"Afua Amponsah Amankwah, Douglas Siaw Baah, E. Acheampong","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2022.15.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2022.15.22","url":null,"abstract":"Water contamination with toxic chemicals such as heavy metals continue to rise globally and particularly in developing countries due to mining, urbanization, and industrialization. In this study, a total of 10 stream water samples were collected from the mining environment. Physicochemical parameters such as pH and heavy metals; arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) were examined using standard procedures. The study assessed heavy metals concentrations, evaluated the pollution indices, and the health risk (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) for the populace (both adult and child) through direct oral intake and dermal contact of stream water in East Akim Municipal Assembly. The results of the concentrations of As (0.114 mg/kg), Cr (0.00000605 mg/kg), Ni (0.025 mg/kg), and Pb (0.257 mg/kg) revealed that they were within acceptable limits prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO) and Water guidelines. Heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and degree of contamination (Cd) values obtained indicated that all the examined samples were categorized as low (Cd < 1 and HEI < 10). Non-carcinogenic risk indicated that stream water consumption via ingestion and dermal pathways were below the oral reference dose for their respective heavy metals indicating that both age groups may be ingesting safe levels of heavy metals. Furthermore, the non-carcinogenic risk assessment suggest that children are more susceptible to health threats than adults considering both exposure pathways. Also, the hazard quotient and hazard index were < 1 inferring that there is a tolerable degree of non-carcinogenic health risk for both adults and children in the research area. In addition, average values (1.86×10-5 and 7.12×10-5 for adults and children) obtained for the assessment of cancer risk (CR) for CRingestion were within the safe range of 1×10-6 to 1×10-4 while CRdermal contact average values (4.52×10-8 and 2.53×10-7 for adults and children) were above the range recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency. Regardless of the relatively safe indices recorded, precautionary measures are necessary to sustain the aquatic ecosystem and its quality. Efforts must be made to ensure that heavy metals that can pose health risks even in their low concentrations are monitored and kept as low as possible to ensure safety and reduced human health risks.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73770688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ORGANOPHOSPHATE AND CARBAMATE PESTICIDES RESIDUE ANALYSIS IN VEGETABLES PRODUCED IN FAR-WEST NEPAL","authors":"Janaki Budha, Prativa Sapkota, A. Acharya, Rakshya Bhandari, Narendra B. Singh, D. Dhakal","doi":"10.26480/ecr.02.2022.69.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.02.2022.69.71","url":null,"abstract":"This is an experimental research study carried out at the laboratory of wholesale fruits and vegetable market, Attarya, Kailali, to analyze organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residue in vegetables grown and marketed in four different districts of far-west Nepal by Rapid Bioassay of Pesticide Residue. The main goal of this study is to determine the proportion of AChE inhibition in various vegetable commodities and to compare the pesticide residue. Seven different vegetables were collected purposively from four distinct areas in Nepal’s far west region. Each of the 28 vegetable samples was analyzed for both organophosphate and carbamate residues. The sample was extracted from each vegetable and examined through a spectrophotometer and the data are interpreted. The experiment’s findings suggest that the Beans from Kanchanpur had the highest OP (21.69 percent) while cucumber from Dadeldhura had the lowest (0.07 percent). The bitter gourd of Kailali had the greatest C (24.39 percent), while the bottle gourd of Doti had the lowest (0.49 percent). All 56 items examined in the Attariya market laboratory were found to have low pesticide residue, with less than 35%. However, the waiting period must be strictly adhered to.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81675130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PAH EXPOSITION AND CARCINOGENICITY RISK EVALUATION IN SOILS FROM NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA","authors":"K. Leizou, Gift Cornelius Timighe, M. Ashraf","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2022.35.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2022.35.39","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental pollution has become a cross-cutting issue in recent decades, garnering the attention of governments, governmental agencies, the general public, and scientific communities, and (PAHs) is one of the biggest hazards to public health. PAHs were evaluated in Niger Delta soils using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique to assess their distribution, exposure, and carcinogenicity risk. The SS1 location in the city had the highest amounts of PAH. The toxic equivalency factor (TEF), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCRs) and as well as a global comparison analysis was employed. The results showed that three city sample locations surpassed the clean-up standards for BaP, 0.1 mg/kg, according to the data. Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are those polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) determined as Group A (known human) and Group B (probable) carcinogens and currently seven PAHs classified probable human carcinogens (Group B2). The majority of the risk associated with PAHs is attributed to benzo (a) pyrene and a few other PAHs. The results further revealed that six out of the seven HMW PAHs are known human carcinogens. The results of this study were found to be within permissible levels recommended. However, the authors strongly advocate a remediation alternative aiming at decontaminating the PAH-polluted soils at SS1, SS3, and SS2.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74691043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS ON PESTICIDE-GENE-DISEASE RELATIONS","authors":"E. M. Alvarenga, João Vitor Brito Oliveira, Mayara Sousa dos Santos, Júlia Naelly Machado Silva","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2022.09.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2022.09.14","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical pesticides can present toxic effects to human beings, and they are classified based on chemical characterization, presenting 300 active substances and more than 2000 different formulations. Their overuse can represent a significant risk factor to human health. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the putative association between health harms and pesticides because this information can be helpful for monitoring and controlling pesticide exposure. This study aims to analyze secondary data about pesticides and their effects on genes and disease phenotypes leading to health harm. For this, we used information about pesticides available on the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Breeding, and Supply documents. We also use the Set Analyzer tool available on the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) to verify a putative association between pesticides and their specific chemical groups to human diseases. Finally, we use variance analysis to evaluate them for statistical purposes. Results showed that 127 chemical groups could be found in food, and they are classified into eight functional classes of pesticides used against pests in food crops. These functional classes are acaricides, bactericides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, molluscicides, nematicides, and plant growth regulators. Furthermore, data obtained from the CTD showed a predominance of digestive, nervous, respiratory, and skin diseases as the significant harms caused by pesticide exposure. Results also showed that all the pesticides’ functional classes affect genes associated with cancer development. Considering all the 127 chemical groups, we identified 145321 genes affected by these substances: 49733 genes affected by acaricides, 26832 genes affected by fungicides, 22687 genes affected by herbicides, 42681 genes affected by insecticides, 15842 genes affected by molluscicides, 15842 genes affected by nematicides, and 17217 genes affected by plant growth regulators. Organophosphates are the primary chemical group responsible for genetic effects, mainly leading to cancer and nervous system diseases. So, we conclude that seven different chemical groups can affect genes associated with cancer development and also concluded pesticide use could be related to genes effects and diseases development which can lead to health harms.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76424522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROFILE COMPOSITION AND RISK EVALUATION OF PAHS IN BOREHOLE WATER FROM AMASSOMA, BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA","authors":"K. Leizou, M. Ashraf","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2022.23.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2022.23.30","url":null,"abstract":"Water is an essential and indispensable natural resource. The most important to human endeavors, ecosystem and all living things. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the levels of concentration of sixteen (16) priority pollutants (PAHs) in borehole water from Amassoma, Bayelsa state. The PAH concentrations in the borehole water samples was performed using GC–MS method. The total PAHs concentration ranged from 0.003 – 0.364mg/l with a mean value of 0.132mg/l. Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene had the highest individual PAH concentration of 0.164mg/l. PAH accumulation in the environment and Toxic equivalency factor (TEF) used to estimate relative toxicity of a PAH compared to that of BaP, principal component analysis and pearson’s correlation was employed. Pearson correlation matrice analysis reveals a positive correlation between the PAHs; this could indicate a common source for some of the PAHs, however, some were negatively correlated with each other. This behavior could indicate non-point source. Six principal component accounting for 88% of the entire variance were extracted. A comparative analysis of PAHs concentrations in the water samples with maximum allowable concentration (MAC) standards revealed that the results obtained in this study were within the permissible levels except for Ind(1,2,3-cd) P and DbahA, however, carcinogen PAHs present in the water of the Amassoma axis, Nun River may pose a threat to human health. PAH fingerprint ratios for determining both petrogenic and pyrogenic (pyrolytic) PAH accumulation such as (Ant/(Ant+Phe), BaA/(BaA+Chr), and ∑▒〖LMW/∑▒HMW〗) ratios was employed. The PAH diagnostic ratio indicates that within the Amassoma Town was of mixed ratios, petroleum (petrogenic) and combustion (pyrogenic) sources and grass/wood/straw combustion sources. This is a clarion call on policy makers and necessary regulatory authorities to step up.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87585794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}