International Laser Safety Conference最新文献

{"title":"A revision of ultraviolet MPEs","authors":"D. Sliney","doi":"10.2351/1.5118594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5118594","url":null,"abstract":"The current maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits for short ultraviolet radiation in ANSI Z136.1 (2014) have not been re-evaluated and updated for decades. With the use of UV-C (100 - 280 nm) excimer lasers in surgical and material processing applications there has been a need to re-study the available biological data for eye and skin exposures in this spectral region. There is no change currently in MPEs as a function of wavelength below 302 nm. In reality, the potential hazards below 270 nm are currently overstated, and dual limits (thermal and photochemical) for pulsed lasers and photochemical limits for lengthy (additive) exposures. At very short wavelengths, such as the 193-nm wavelength of the ArF excimer laser, photons have an absorption depth of less than 1 µm and as a result the photochemical limits can be greatly increased for extended exposures. Proposed updates are provided.The current maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits for short ultraviolet radiation in ANSI Z136.1 (2014) have not been re-evaluated and updated for decades. With the use of UV-C (100 - 280 nm) excimer lasers in surgical and material processing applications there has been a need to re-study the available biological data for eye and skin exposures in this spectral region. There is no change currently in MPEs as a function of wavelength below 302 nm. In reality, the potential hazards below 270 nm are currently overstated, and dual limits (thermal and photochemical) for pulsed lasers and photochemical limits for lengthy (additive) exposures. At very short wavelengths, such as the 193-nm wavelength of the ArF excimer laser, photons have an absorption depth of less than 1 µm and as a result the photochemical limits can be greatly increased for extended exposures. Proposed updates are provided.","PeriodicalId":118257,"journal":{"name":"International Laser Safety Conference","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125585411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consideration of wave optical phenomena for retinal images in laser safety evaluations","authors":"Sebastian Kotzur, A. Frederiksen, S. Wahl","doi":"10.2351/1.5118598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5118598","url":null,"abstract":"Laser systems emitting in the visible and near infrared wavelength range between 400 nm and 1400 nm represent a potential hazard for the retina. The accessible emission limits depend on the angular subtense of the apparent source which is determined by the size of the retinal image. Usually, the retinal image is calculated using geometric optical propagation methods, e.g. ray tracing techniques. In case of coherent laser radiation this might be insufficient since wave optical phenomena can influence the retinal image. Especially by the presence of apertures, diffraction needs to be taken into account. In this paper we analyse the impact of wave optics for laser safety evaluations and show the difference to geometric optical calculations. Both propagation methods are compared for relevant examples.Laser systems emitting in the visible and near infrared wavelength range between 400 nm and 1400 nm represent a potential hazard for the retina. The accessible emission limits depend on the angular subtense of the apparent source which is determined by the size of the retinal image. Usually, the retinal image is calculated using geometric optical propagation methods, e.g. ray tracing techniques. In case of coherent laser radiation this might be insufficient since wave optical phenomena can influence the retinal image. Especially by the presence of apertures, diffraction needs to be taken into account. In this paper we analyse the impact of wave optics for laser safety evaluations and show the difference to geometric optical calculations. Both propagation methods are compared for relevant examples.","PeriodicalId":118257,"journal":{"name":"International Laser Safety Conference","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126863492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safe design of laser consumer products","authors":"Erwin K. Lau, E. Fei","doi":"10.2351/1.5118535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5118535","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, consumer products containing lasers are becoming increasingly more prevalent. For example, lasers used for environmental depth sensing or eye tracking have entered into mainstream consumer culture. Risks involving such products are increased due to a combination of purposeful intra-beam viewing and large populations of products (estimated at over 100 million devices globally). In order to protect the general consumer population, it is imperative to develop a safety program that is fully integrated within the product development lifecycle and that incorporates industry best practices. In this paper we propose a design-for-safety approach to product development that follows a rigorous safety design philosophy that can allow for optimization of both performance and safety.In recent years, consumer products containing lasers are becoming increasingly more prevalent. For example, lasers used for environmental depth sensing or eye tracking have entered into mainstream consumer culture. Risks involving such products are increased due to a combination of purposeful intra-beam viewing and large populations of products (estimated at over 100 million devices globally). In order to protect the general consumer population, it is imperative to develop a safety program that is fully integrated within the product development lifecycle and that incorporates industry best practices. In this paper we propose a design-for-safety approach to product development that follows a rigorous safety design philosophy that can allow for optimization of both performance and safety.","PeriodicalId":118257,"journal":{"name":"International Laser Safety Conference","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124161095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye safety evaluation of laser systems based on damage calculations","authors":"N. Heussner, S. Ramos, M. Lücking, C. Schwarz, A. Frederiksen","doi":"10.2351/1.5118566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5118566","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing complexity of laser systems, e.g. LiDAR systems and medical devices, which combine scanned and pulsed light sources, complicates their evaluation in compliance with the current laser safety standard. In addition, the safety standard is becoming increasingly more complex and requires thorough background knowledge. We propose a tool that evaluates ocular safety of laser systems based on damage modelling. Therefore ray tracing software, which takes into account the specific optical design, is combined with damage predictions e.g. based on the Arrhenius integral in the case of thermal damage. The potential for adopting this easy-to-use software package as an alternative to the laser safety standard is discussed. For a complete hazard evaluation, we aim to include damage modelling in the photochemical, thermomechanical and photomechanical regimes. This approach might be particularly attractive for manufacturers to improve their products optical design in terms of eye safety.The increasing complexity of laser systems, e.g. LiDAR systems and medical devices, which combine scanned and pulsed light sources, complicates their evaluation in compliance with the current laser safety standard. In addition, the safety standard is becoming increasingly more complex and requires thorough background knowledge. We propose a tool that evaluates ocular safety of laser systems based on damage modelling. Therefore ray tracing software, which takes into account the specific optical design, is combined with damage predictions e.g. based on the Arrhenius integral in the case of thermal damage. The potential for adopting this easy-to-use software package as an alternative to the laser safety standard is discussed. For a complete hazard evaluation, we aim to include damage modelling in the photochemical, thermomechanical and photomechanical regimes. This approach might be particularly attractive for manufacturers to improve their products optical design in terms of eye safety.","PeriodicalId":118257,"journal":{"name":"International Laser Safety Conference","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132284218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinal hazard analysis for laser and LED illumination for close-in, long duration exposure","authors":"N. Horton, K. L. Pollock, E. Fei, Erwin K. Lau","doi":"10.2351/1.5118537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5118537","url":null,"abstract":"Because of the eye’s limited range of accommodation, laser and lamp (e.g. LED) safety standards require evaluation of time-dependent maximum permissible retinal irradiance only for exposure distances where the eye is able to focus on the illumination source (i.e. when the source is at least 100 mm or 200 mm from the cornea per IEC 60825-1 and IEC 62471, respectively). However, for a growing number of illumination systems found in consumer electronics devices (e.g. eye tracking), the short distance between the source and the eye precludes the eye from focusing on the source and results in a larger illumination area on the retina. Despite the inability for the eye to focus on objects at this close range, there exist certain configurations of sources where the retinal hazard for the source at distances closer than 100 mm can potentially exceed the retinal hazard of the source at 100 mm.We will use a mixture of analysis techniques, including analytic formulations and ray tracing, to study the retinal hazard for illumination sources close-in to the eye. We will also calculate the power-to-limit ratio (PLR) at different source distances to understand the distance dependence of retinal hazards. This analysis will also frame these retinal hazard levels in the context of international safety standards.Because of the eye’s limited range of accommodation, laser and lamp (e.g. LED) safety standards require evaluation of time-dependent maximum permissible retinal irradiance only for exposure distances where the eye is able to focus on the illumination source (i.e. when the source is at least 100 mm or 200 mm from the cornea per IEC 60825-1 and IEC 62471, respectively). However, for a growing number of illumination systems found in consumer electronics devices (e.g. eye tracking), the short distance between the source and the eye precludes the eye from focusing on the source and results in a larger illumination area on the retina. Despite the inability for the eye to focus on objects at this close range, there exist certain configurations of sources where the retinal hazard for the source at distances closer than 100 mm can potentially exceed the retinal hazard of the source at 100 mm.We will use a mixture of analysis techniques, including analytic formulations and ray tracing, to study the retinal hazard f...","PeriodicalId":118257,"journal":{"name":"International Laser Safety Conference","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134482733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-beam to the extreme!","authors":"Wes Chase","doi":"10.2351/1.5118656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5118656","url":null,"abstract":"Although laser beam hazards are more well-known, non-beam hazards (NBHs) pose an equal or possibly greater risk of injury or death. As laser technologies increase and new hazards are discovered, a greater number of ancillary or NBHs will need to be considered for a safe work environment. There are several non-beam-related hazards that can be classified into three categories: chemical, physical, and biological. Expertise in the occupational health area is not required for laser users and Laser Safety Officers (LSOs) but an awareness of such hazards is important. Occupational Hygienists and other safety professionals can perform an evaluation and advise on specific controls to mitigate these hazards.Although laser beam hazards are more well-known, non-beam hazards (NBHs) pose an equal or possibly greater risk of injury or death. As laser technologies increase and new hazards are discovered, a greater number of ancillary or NBHs will need to be considered for a safe work environment. There are several non-beam-related hazards that can be classified into three categories: chemical, physical, and biological. Expertise in the occupational health area is not required for laser users and Laser Safety Officers (LSOs) but an awareness of such hazards is important. Occupational Hygienists and other safety professionals can perform an evaluation and advise on specific controls to mitigate these hazards.","PeriodicalId":118257,"journal":{"name":"International Laser Safety Conference","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116432360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The practice of far field divergence measurement for the purpose of NOHD assessment","authors":"R. Mallant","doi":"10.2351/1.5118597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5118597","url":null,"abstract":"For military lasers, and in fact for every laser that is used outdoors, the Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD) is an important parameter in hazard control. The NOHD depends on beam parameters such as beam waist location and diameter, beam divergence and beam profile. This paper describes practical experiences obtained with several techniques for beam profiling and divergence measurement.For military lasers, and in fact for every laser that is used outdoors, the Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD) is an important parameter in hazard control. The NOHD depends on beam parameters such as beam waist location and diameter, beam divergence and beam profile. This paper describes practical experiences obtained with several techniques for beam profiling and divergence measurement.","PeriodicalId":118257,"journal":{"name":"International Laser Safety Conference","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124037438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How hazardous is the sky?","authors":"N. Haigh, S. Hall","doi":"10.2351/1.5118593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5118593","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of high performance and versatile LED technology is leading to the development of spectrally agile lighting products and systems capable of delivering significant levels of photobiologically active optical radiation. Contemporary lighting systems based on LED and in some cases laser technology can now encompass the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum. This technology has been applied to varied research and development related applications such as photodynamic therapy, dermatology, horticulture and human centric lighting (HCL). Interestingly, human centric lighting includes the possibility to entrain, via blue-green light, the human circadian rhythm and is presently being deployed in trials across selected workplaces and schools in Europe. In another application centred on room lighting, LED lighting technology has been devised which allows ‘artificial skylighting,’ where a room which has no access to natural daylight can be used ‘year-round’ by delivering a timed dose of artificial sunlight considered to be therapeutic and beneficial. In most of these lighting systems, there is a general desire to mimic as closely as possible, an exposure akin to that of natural daylight, and in many regards, the daylight spectrum represents the ‘gold-standard’ which the artificial source should emulate.This paper places the recent development of tuneable spectrum LED technology in context with photobiological safety standards such as IEC 62471 [1], and especially within the context of the blue light photochemical retinal hazard. The exposure limits in the standard are reviewed and compared to metrologically derived radiance values for clear sky, so that the blue light hazard related exposure for artificial daylight sources can be compared with comparable daylight exposures that occur in nature; the purpose being to place artificial daylight exposures in an appropriate context.The paper will describe a software-based methodology where extant, published photometric and radiometric data for natural daylight can be ‘reverse engineered’ to provide insight into any equivalent collateral photobiological hazard in order to compare the exposure (and thereby Exposure Hazard Value) with those present form artificial daylight sources such as an LED skylight; the analysis can be extended to additional non-hazard based action spectra such as ’melanopic’ lighting as may also be required.The intention of the paper is to raise awareness of the direction of development of next-generation lighting technology, with the aim of supporting the establishment of further lighting applications-based standards wherein appropriate exposure limit values for the product may be more clearly defined.The advent of high performance and versatile LED technology is leading to the development of spectrally agile lighting products and systems capable of delivering significant levels of photobiologically active optical radiation. Contemporary lighting systems base","PeriodicalId":118257,"journal":{"name":"International Laser Safety Conference","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130571550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From a call of evidence to a new law in the UK, changes in the last 18 months","authors":"M. Higlett, J. O'Hagan","doi":"10.2351/1.5118588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5118588","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, the availability of lasers to the UK public has not changed. The majority of the lasers purchased by the public, many of which are laser pointers, do not meet the requirements of BS EN 60825-1: 2014. A small percentage of these laser products ends up being misused. In the past 18 months, the UK government has moved to make steps to help tackle the sale of unsafe laser pointers. This began with a call for evidence asking for stakeholders to provide findings, from measurements to accidents. One of the suggested outcomes from the call was the introduction of a specific criminal offence for ‘laser attacks’ on planes or vehicles. In 2018, the UK government passed the “Laser Misuse (Vehicles) Act 2018”, bringing in extra powers to the police as well as tougher penalties for people who target aircraft, road vehicles and boats. Discussions will be made covering the type of laser measurements made, issues found leading on to the consultation outcomes of the “Laser pointers: call for evidence”, to introducing the “Laser Misuse (Vehicles) Act 2018”.Over the years, the availability of lasers to the UK public has not changed. The majority of the lasers purchased by the public, many of which are laser pointers, do not meet the requirements of BS EN 60825-1: 2014. A small percentage of these laser products ends up being misused. In the past 18 months, the UK government has moved to make steps to help tackle the sale of unsafe laser pointers. This began with a call for evidence asking for stakeholders to provide findings, from measurements to accidents. One of the suggested outcomes from the call was the introduction of a specific criminal offence for ‘laser attacks’ on planes or vehicles. In 2018, the UK government passed the “Laser Misuse (Vehicles) Act 2018”, bringing in extra powers to the police as well as tougher penalties for people who target aircraft, road vehicles and boats. Discussions will be made covering the type of laser measurements made, issues found leading on to the consultation outcomes of the “Laser pointers: call for evidence”, to i...","PeriodicalId":118257,"journal":{"name":"International Laser Safety Conference","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132034467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human performance improvement – A beneficial way to investigate your laser incidents","authors":"Aaron W. PotashCSP, Asp Alex HughesMS., Csp Sam PogersMS.","doi":"10.2351/1.5118659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5118659","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional approach to investigating near misses or incidents frequently results in fault finding and the creation of a blame culture. Often these by-products of an investigation mask underlying systemic issues and in reality, they do not prevent future incidents. New theories on incident investigation embraced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Department of Energy (DOE) and National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) turn the traditional investigation upside down. The practice of Human Performance Improvement (HPI) recognizes human fallibility, while helping to identify how organizational systems influence human behavior. HPI empowers leaders to help their organizations positively influence human behavior. This paper examines a near miss event that occurred at a DOE national laboratory from an HPI perspective.The traditional approach to investigating near misses or incidents frequently results in fault finding and the creation of a blame culture. Often these by-products of an investigation mask underlying systemic issues and in reality, they do not prevent future incidents. New theories on incident investigation embraced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Department of Energy (DOE) and National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) turn the traditional investigation upside down. The practice of Human Performance Improvement (HPI) recognizes human fallibility, while helping to identify how organizational systems influence human behavior. HPI empowers leaders to help their organizations positively influence human behavior. This paper examines a near miss event that occurred at a DOE national laboratory from an HPI perspective.","PeriodicalId":118257,"journal":{"name":"International Laser Safety Conference","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131740937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}