Ocean Remote Sensing Technologies: High frequency, marine and GNSS-based radar最新文献

{"title":"HF radar observation of nearshore winds","authors":"B. Emery, A. Kirincich","doi":"10.1049/sbra537e_ch8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/sbra537e_ch8","url":null,"abstract":"Following Ekman’s 1905 mathematical description of the influence of wind stress on the ocean, measurement of the wind field itself has been a critical part of any effort to understand the movement of ocean currents. This is particularly true in the coastal zone, where winds and waves interact with the coastal boundary to drive spatially and temporally complex currents. In addition to understanding and predicting coastal flows, observations of near shore surface winds are fundamental to fulfilling both scientific (e.g. circulation, mixing, biological productivity, larval transport) and societal needs (e.g. shipping, wind power). Near shore wind observations, either in situ or remote, typically have high temporal resolution, or high spatial resolution, but not both. Buoy-based observations, such as those accessible via the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), provide time series of wind products from most coastal areas but lack the spatially relevant resolution for observing many – if not most – of the critical small scale circulation processes. Recent developments have improved satellite scatterometer capabilities to within 10-15 km from shore (e.g.[2, 3]), and similarly, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) achieves sub-km resolution (0.5-1 km) up to 1-3 km from shore with RMS errors of 1.4-1.8 m s−1 [4, 5]. While planned future missions such as the Waves and Currents Mission (WACM) [6] would further advance these techniques and provide maps of winds with high spatial resolution, satellite-based observations sample at periods of 12 hours or greater, limiting their scientific utility. In contrast, land-based HF radar systems routinely provide both high spatial and high temporal resolution observations of surface currents in the coastal ocean in all weather conditions. The fundamental signal observed by the radar system results from the presence of relatively short ocean waves that respond quickly to changes in wind speed and direction. In the near shore, wind observations from these systems would fill an important niche between satellite observations, which encounter difficulties close to land masses, and moored observations, for which spatially dense deployments are cost prohibitive. The spatial and temporal coverage possible, with time scales of 10s of minutes and spatial scales of 2-6 kilometers, matches the most likely resolution needed to advance the present understand and modelling of coastal ocean circulation [7, 8, 9].","PeriodicalId":117997,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Remote Sensing Technologies: High frequency, marine and GNSS-based radar","volume":"205 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131908093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triton – GNSS reflectometry mission in Taiwan","authors":"Y. Tsai, Chen-Tsung Lin, J. Juang, W. Yeh, Shih-hung Lo, Lin Zhang, Hwa Chien","doi":"10.1049/sbra537e_ch23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/sbra537e_ch23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":117997,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Remote Sensing Technologies: High frequency, marine and GNSS-based radar","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132014042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sea ice sensing using the GNSS-R technique","authors":"Q. Yan, Weimin Huang, Shuanggen Jin","doi":"10.1049/sbra537e_ch22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/sbra537e_ch22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":117997,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Remote Sensing Technologies: High frequency, marine and GNSS-based radar","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129288245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sea surface current mapping with HF radar – a primer","authors":"C. Merz, Yonggang Liu, R. Weisberg","doi":"10.1049/sbra537e_ch4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/sbra537e_ch4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":117997,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Remote Sensing Technologies: High frequency, marine and GNSS-based radar","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133513969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observation of sea surface waves by noncoherent X-band marine radar","authors":"Zhong-Zhong Chen, Yijun He, Weimin Huang","doi":"10.1049/sbra537e_ch12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/sbra537e_ch12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":117997,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Remote Sensing Technologies: High frequency, marine and GNSS-based radar","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134579849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wind parameter measurement using X-band marine radar images","authors":"Xinwei Chen, Weimin Huang, B. Lund","doi":"10.1049/sbra537e_ch17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/sbra537e_ch17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":117997,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Remote Sensing Technologies: High frequency, marine and GNSS-based radar","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124033058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GNSS-R ocean altimetry","authors":"H. Carreno-Luengo","doi":"10.1049/sbra537e_ch21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/sbra537e_ch21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":117997,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Remote Sensing Technologies: High frequency, marine and GNSS-based radar","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127257213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wavelet-based methods to invert sea surfaces and bathymetries from X-band radar images","authors":"P. Chernyshov, T. Vrećica, Y. Toledo","doi":"10.1049/sbra537e_ch13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/sbra537e_ch13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":117997,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Remote Sensing Technologies: High frequency, marine and GNSS-based radar","volume":"247 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121484130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HF radar in a maritime environment","authors":"E. Gill, Weimin Huang","doi":"10.1049/sbra537e_ch1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/sbra537e_ch1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":117997,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Remote Sensing Technologies: High frequency, marine and GNSS-based radar","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134471586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current mapping from the wave spectrum","authors":"B. Smeltzer, S. Ellingsen","doi":"10.1049/SBRA537E_ch15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/SBRA537E_ch15","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter we review methods by which near--surface ocean currents can be measured remotely using images of the water surface, as obtained by X-band radar in particular. The presence of a current changes the dispersive behavior of surface waves, so our challenge is to solve the inverse problem: to infer the spatially-varying current from measurements of the wavy surface. We examine how remote sensing of currents is achieved in practice by analyzing the wave spectrum, as may be measured for example by X-band radar. A set of consecutive backscatter images recorded as a function of time is Fourier-transformed to produce the spectrum, which gives information concerning the propagation of waves whose dispersion is altered by currents. X-band radar images measure the wave field over multiple square kilometers, and analyzing various spatial subsets of the images allows a map of the spatial variation of the currents to be reconstructed. Several algorithms for obtaining empirical dispersion relations from the measured spectrum and extracting the currents are reviewed: the least squares and iterative least squares method, the normalized scalar product method, and the polar current shell method. We go on to describe how the same methods and algorithms can be extended to also allowing the depth-dependence of the current to be determined. Reasonable agreement between radar-derived currents and in situ measurements has been demonstrated in multiple field measurements. However, more validation is necessary especially in the context of depth-varying flows. Understanding the extent to which Stokes drift is measured as part of the radar-derived current is not well-understood yet potentially important.","PeriodicalId":117997,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Remote Sensing Technologies: High frequency, marine and GNSS-based radar","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132807878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}