GEORGIAN GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL最新文献

{"title":"Changes in Hotel Management During the Covid-19 Pandemic and Post-pandemic Periods in Georgia","authors":"Marine Bokeria, Mzia Tutberidze","doi":"10.52340/ggj.2023.01.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2023.01.05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":117474,"journal":{"name":"GEORGIAN GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127816556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rural Depopulation in Georgia: Regional and Municipal Levels of Analysis","authors":"Aleksandre Shakhnazarovi","doi":"10.52340/ggj.2023.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2023.01.03","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":117474,"journal":{"name":"GEORGIAN GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130693363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Administrative-territorial Organisation of Georgia in the 20th-21st Centuries","authors":"Givi Tavadze","doi":"10.52340/ggj.2023.01.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2023.01.04","url":null,"abstract":"The Russian Empire started incorporating Georgia at the beginning of the 19th century. The country was divided according to Imperial Russian patterns. This influenced the territorial changes and the administrative-territorial organisation of the later Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921), the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1991), and the Republic of Georgia (from 1991). The internal administrative-territorial changes that took place during the last two centuries represent the main topic of research. The most reliable information was discovered in two publications of the Soviet epoch, separated from each other by more than 40 years and published in 1930 and 1978, respectively. They contain different information, though the administrative-territorial organisation of these periods is the primary basis for both. The formation of the ultimate administrative organisation of the territory is a fundamental problem today, as parts of the country are under foreign occupation. It should also be noted that in our survey, several maps were used to state and compare the validity of the obtained information. They contain rich information about Georgia during various periods from 1900 to 2012.","PeriodicalId":117474,"journal":{"name":"GEORGIAN GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL","volume":"47 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133266993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two years of Pandemic (Georgian Perspectives)","authors":"M. Tsitsagi, Sofiko Dzhvarsheishvili, N. Kvirkvelia, A. Shakhnazarov","doi":"10.52340/ggj.2023.01.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2023.01.06","url":null,"abstract":"Modern society faces many challenges, including the pandemic caused by COVID-19, which has changed many aspects of public life. The article discusses the impact of COVID-19 on Georgia's economy and demography and the challenges the country faces in the post-pandemic situation. The pandemic had a burdensome impact on the already fragile economy of Georgia. This has affected tourism, putting people employed in the tourism and hospitality sector under severe financial pressure. Small businesses were affected, unemployment increased, and a large migration followed. The pandemic has burdened the health sector and increased the death rate. The country's economy is trying to regain its strength post-pandemic. However, the region has now found itself the harbinger of another challenge: the subject of a separate study.","PeriodicalId":117474,"journal":{"name":"GEORGIAN GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123476225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Some Accessory Minerals in Upper Paleozoic Granites of the Khrami Crystalline Massif","authors":"T. Tsutsunava, G. Beridze, I. Javakhishvili","doi":"10.52340/ggj.2023.01.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2023.01.02","url":null,"abstract":"The Khrami crystalline massif is exposed within the Black Sea – Central Transcaucasian terrane (Georgia). The massif is built up of Preсambrian gneiss-migmatite complex, the packet of Middle Paleozoic (?) metasandstones and protrusions of mantle serpentinites; Paleozoic gabbroids; Middle-Upper Paleozoic granitoids and rocks of volcanogenic-sedimentary complexes and Upper Paleozoic quartz-porphyry - granite-porphyry formations. A number of scientists have studied the granitoids of the Khrami crystalline massif, but detailed investigations on some minerals using modern analytical facilities have not been conducted yet. The Late Variscan granitoids of the Khrami massif are represented by biotite-hornblende-allanite-, biotite-microcline-and biotite-garnet-bearing granites and aliaskites. We have studied in detail the accessory minerals - garnet and allanite in the Late Variscan granites of the massif. Their microprobe analysis has been performed. According to the microprobe analysis of the studied garnets, the centre of the crystal is homogeneous, while the peripheral part is zonal. The amount of FeO decreases slightly from the centre to the periphery, while the amount of CaO and MgO significantly decreases; a well-expressed increase in MnO content is recorded. The variation in almandine content is insignificant. The amount of pyrope and grossular drops sharply from the centre to the periphery while the number of spessartine increases. The amount of Al 2 O 3 in all varieties of granitoids is similar. In our opinion, the garnet formation occurred in two stages: during the crystallization process of granitic magma and its subsequent post-magmatic stage. The core of the garnet was formed in the magmatic stage, but its periphery - was in the cooling stage of granitic magma. According to the results of the microprobe study of allanite, the same - two stages of their formation have been conducted: during the crystallization process of granitic magma and in its next post-magmatic stage. The genesis of allanite in the biotite-hornblende-allanite-bearing granites of the massif is due to the concentration of REE in the granitic magma and the introduction of calcium by hydrothermal solutions. These allanites belong to the cerium variety with high content of Ce 2 O 3 , La 2 O 3 and Nd 2 O 3 .","PeriodicalId":117474,"journal":{"name":"GEORGIAN GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115642331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geodeterminism: Truth or Illusion?","authors":"T. Ratiani","doi":"10.52340/ggj.2023.01.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2023.01.08","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is about geographical determinism (geodeterminism), allegedly a foundation of geopolitics. According to this doctrine, the development of society depends on the geographical environment. This paper is divided into three parts. The first part is devoted to an historical overview of geodeterminism and the difference between geodeterminism and geopolitics. The views of ancient Greek philosophers, Middle Eastern scholars, and mediaeval European thinkers are discussed. In the second part, geodeterminism is presented as a genuine phenomenon, and various arguments and examples are given to prove it. In contrast, the third part is devoted to reasoning, based on which geodeterminism can be perceived as an illusion. The last part is the conclusion, which summarises the topics discussed above and formulates some concluding remarks. The paper is framed within a methodological framework. It is based on qualitative research methods, which enabled an in-depth analysis of the information surrounding the research question. In particular, content analysis was used. The research relies on both primary and secondary sources. The paper is largely based on various books, articles, and studies that have made it possible to find an answer to the research question, which served to determine whether geodeterminism is true or is it just an illusion?","PeriodicalId":117474,"journal":{"name":"GEORGIAN GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129683670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping and Analysis of Anthrax Cases in Humans and Animals","authors":"Tamar Chichinadze, Z. Gulashvili, Nikoloz Suknidze, L. Malania, N. Bolashvili","doi":"10.52340/ggj.2023.01.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2023.01.09","url":null,"abstract":"Anthrax is a rare but severe disease caused by the gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium Bacillus anthracis, a toxin-producing, encapsulated, facultative anaerobic organism. Anthrax occurs naturally in the soil and mainly affects livestock and wildlife. It can cause severe diseases in both humans and animals. Anthrax , an often-fatal animal disease, is spread to humans through contact with infected animals or their products. People become infected with Anthrax when the spores enter the body. The study aims to localise and monitor Anthrax on geographic maps and identify geographic variables significantly associated with environmental risk factors for Anthrax recurrence in Georgia (Caucasus), as the geographic environment affects specific diseases, for example, soil and climate, etc. We carefully analysed 1,664 cases in humans and 621 in animals, up to 1,430 locations of Anthrax foci in soil (animal burials, slaughterhouses, BP roads, construction, etc.). We analysed more than 30 geographic variables such as climate, topography, soil (soil type, chemical composition, acidity), landscape, etc. We have created several digital thematic maps and foci of Anthrax distribution and detection. The discovered variable will help to monitor the foci of Anthrax development.","PeriodicalId":117474,"journal":{"name":"GEORGIAN GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131057298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Model and Structural-Kinematic Evolution of the Pre-Jurassic Crystalline Basement of the Western Georgia","authors":"L. Basheleishvili, G. Beridze","doi":"10.52340/ggj.2023.01.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2023.01.01","url":null,"abstract":"The modern structure of Western Georgia is determined mainly by the meridional (sub-meridional) and latitudinal systems of faults covering different depths of the Earth's crust. The noted faults are often-sided boundaries of the blocks of the crystalline basement of the Earth's crust, creating a picture of its mosaic-block structure. The analysis of the lithofacies and thicknesses of the sedimentary cover developed within their limits, in several cases, indicating their autonomous and inversion nature of development. The comparison of geophysical and drilling data and applying the system analysis method of disjunctive structures made it possible to clarify some issues of the structural-kinematic evolution and morphogenetic of individual blocks and faults of the pre-Jurassic crystalline basement within the limits of the Southern Caucasus. A 3D physical model of the surface of the crystalline basement constructed by us within Western Georgia shows the spatial arrangement and the character of the inversion nature of individual blocks, indicating the manifestations of the Alpine and Late Alpine orogeneses. Analysis of the actual material, geophysical, and geological data for the intra-Caucasian intermountain area allows us to draw the following conclusions: the Georgian Block (a fragment of the Transcaucasian median massif, microplates, and terranes), with a pre-Jurassic crystalline basement exposed in its central part, is divided into the western and eastern subsidence zones, which in turn disintegrate into separate blocks. From the central zone of the uplift of the Georgian Block to the east and west, a gradual \"stepwise\" subsidence and tilting of the blocks of the crystalline basement is outlined. Similar structures are known in the literature as the so-called tilt blocks.","PeriodicalId":117474,"journal":{"name":"GEORGIAN GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133018683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Experimental Research of Ablation of Adishi Glacier Tongue","authors":"Tamazi Karalashvili, N. Bolashvili, Vakhtang Geladze, G. Imnadze","doi":"10.52340/ggj.2022.757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2022.757","url":null,"abstract":"he study of glacier mass balance is gaining significant interest worldwide against modern global climate change. Using Drone gave good results in glacier mass balance studies. There is a sizeable difference between the values ​​obtained by the modern and previous used methods, which is primarily because of the shortcomings of the old one. We believe the results obtained cause the revision of the old data of the mass balance ablation component. Therefore, it became essential to restore the observation series and determine the compatibility of the data obtained by the old, traditional methods with the data obtained using new, modern technologies. The study aimed to compare the results obtained by standard ablation studies (ablation stake) and modern aerial photogrammetric methods based on actual observations in the Adishi glacier tongue.","PeriodicalId":117474,"journal":{"name":"GEORGIAN GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126152065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Global Warming on Zero Degree Isotherm of Near Surface Temperature","authors":"K. Tavartkiladze, N. Bolashvili","doi":"10.52340/ggj.2022.754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2022.754","url":null,"abstract":"The evaluation of the modern global warming impact on the zero degree isotherm crossing dates of near-surface temperature is unequivocally determined by the length of the warm (cold) season in a given region. The study was conducted using perennial, near-surface temperature field data from ten observation points in a complex, highland region. The correlation changes of the dates of the crossing of the zero degree isotherm of temperature concerning the vertical and horizontal displacement is studied. The statistical structure of the multi-year change in the dates is established. It is accepted that the increase in the warm season caused by global warming mainly occurs in the first half of the year when the zero-degree isotherm crosses from negative to positive. There are also rare cases when the warm season, for a long time, experiences a decrease in the opposite.","PeriodicalId":117474,"journal":{"name":"GEORGIAN GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128950196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}