Egyptian Journal of Zoology最新文献

{"title":"PROTECTIVE AND AMELIORATIVE ROLE OF VITAMIN C AGAINST LEAD TOXICITY IN MALE CAMEL (CAMELUS DROMEDARIES)","authors":"Noof A. Al Rabeah, A. A. Kinawy, K. Al-Busadah","doi":"10.12816/EJZ.2018.27106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12816/EJZ.2018.27106","url":null,"abstract":"The present work aimed to assess the potential role of vitamin C (50 mg/kg body weight) as a protector and/or ameliorator against the toxicity of Pb (0.6 g/kg body weight) in male camel, Camelus dromedarius. Camels were divided into five groups. The 1st group was given de-ionized water, whereas camels of the 2nd group were given orally a single dose of Pb alone as lead acetate. The 3rd group was given a single dose of Pb, then after two days, camels were daily subcutaneously injected with vitamin C for four weeks. Vitamin C was daily injected for two weeks to camels of the 4th group; then administered a single dose of Pb. The camels of the 5th group were given a single dose of Pb, and at the same time, injected daily with vitamin C for four weeks. The data indicated that vitamin C reduced significantly the accumulation of Pb in the blood of groups 3, 4, and 5. The levels of glucose, Ca, P, total proteins, globulins, albumin, uric acid, creatinine and urea, as well as transaminases and alkaline phosphatase activities, and the white and red blood cells, hemoglobin content and hematocrit value were significantly ameliorated by vitamin C. In conclusion, vitamin C is an excellent antioxidant against Pb toxicity for camels.","PeriodicalId":11659,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Zoology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85937213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BIOCHEMICAL IMPACTS OF DIFFERENT SORGHUM AND MAIZE CULTIVARS ON THE CORN APHID, RHOPALOSIPHUM MAIDIS (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE)","authors":"Ali M. Ali, A. Ibrahim, N. Abdelhamid, Mohamed Abdelrahman, M. Hassan","doi":"10.12816/EJZ.2018.27165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12816/EJZ.2018.27165","url":null,"abstract":"Aphids cause serious damage to cereal crops worldwide leading to great economic loss. In this work, we addressed the correlation between the infestation rate of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the changes in some biochemical parameters after feeding on three cultivars of both sorghum (local, dorado, and sphinx) and maize (local, unique 6 and triple 310) plants cultivated at Assiut University farm in Egypt. Local variety of sorghum showed lower infestation rate by R. maidis than dorado and sphinx varieties, as well as it led to significant enhancement of total antioxidant, carbohydrates, and lipids, and activity of amylase and lipase. On the other hand, local strain of maize showed higher infestation rate by R. maidis than unique 6 and triple 310 varieties. The higher infestation rate to local variety of maize was associated with significant increase in total antioxidants, carbohydrate, and lipid content, and activity of amylase and lipase. This research suggests that there was no correlation between the infestation rate of R. maidis fed on different cultivars of sorghum and maize and the total content of antioxidants, carbohydrate and lipid content, as well as their catabolic pathways.","PeriodicalId":11659,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Zoology","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91075444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANTISCHISTOSOMAL ACTIVITY OF BALANITIES AEGYPTIACA FRUIT AQUEOUS EXTRACT AGAINST SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI INFECTED MICE","authors":"Alshimaa M. Elmalawany, G. Osman, A. Mohamed, Mennat-Allah Sh. Elashwal","doi":"10.12816/EJZ.2018.27234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12816/EJZ.2018.27234","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to evaluate the anthelminthic effect of Balanities aegyptiaca fruit aqueous extract against Schistosoma mansoniin vivo. Parasitological aspects were determined to evaluate the antischistosomal activity of B. aegyptiaca. In addition, tegumental surface topography alterations of S. mansoni adult male worms were noticed via scanning electron microscopic (SEM) investigation after treatment the infected mice orally with 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) B. aegyptiaca alone or combined with 300 mg/kg BW Praziquantel (PZQ). Results showed that treatment of S. mansoni infected mice with B. aegyptiaca, PZQ, or in combination led to a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the weight of liver and intestine as compared with those of S. mansoni-infected mice. Meanwhile, administration of the B. aegyptiaca, PZQ, or in combination decreased significantly (P<0.05) the total worm burden and ova count/g in hepatic and intestinal tissue. B. aegyptiaca and/or PZQ showed a remarkable effect on the oogram pattern in liver and intestine, where the immature and mature eggs were significantly decreased (P<0.05); whereas, dead eggs were significantly increased (P<0.05). The electron microscopy observation exhibited swelling, vacuolization, fusion of the tegumental folds, and loss or shortening of the spines on the tubercles, erosion, cracks and peeling of S. mansoni adult male worm after treatment with B. aegyptiaca and/or PZQ. This study revealed that B. aegyptiaca has a remarkable antischistosomal activity through deteriorating action on the adult worm evidenced by scanning electron microscopy.","PeriodicalId":11659,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Zoology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88521843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE POSSIBLE AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF VITAMIN C AND ARTEMISIA JUDAICA EXTRACT AGAINST TOXICITY INDUCED BY ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES IN MALE ALBINO RATS","authors":"A. Diab, S. S. Ibrahim, Ibrahim M. I. El-Shorbgy, Samih I. El-Dahmy, Walaa S. Abdel-Halim","doi":"10.12816/EJZ.2018.27207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12816/EJZ.2018.27207","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, many biological fields including medicine, personal care products, sunscreens and food additives, also many industrial domains such as ceramics, rubber, paints and alloys, have been extensively applied by Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), as it has the ability to pass through the cell membrane easily and even pass through blood-brain barrier. They are highly reactive and may cause oxidative stress, which induces serious damages in DNA and protein structures forming mutation. So, the current study was designed to assess the possible mitigating effect of Artemisia judaica (Art. j.), vitamin C (vit. C) or their co-administration against ZnO NPs–induced hepatorenal toxicity in male rats. Eighty adult male rats were divided into 8 groups: the 1st (control group) with distilled water for 45 days; the 2nd (twin 80 group) with twin 80 for 45 days; the 3rd (ZnO NPs group), rats were gavaged daily with 10 mg/kg body weight (b.wt) of ZnO NPs for 15 days; the 4th (vit. C group), rats were gavaged daily with 100 mg/kg b.wt of vit. C for 30 days; the 5th (Art. j. group), rats were gavaged daily with 150 mg/kg b.wt of Art. j. extract for 30 days; the 6th (ZnO NPs + vit. C group), rats were gavaged daily with 10 mg/kg b.wt of ZnO NPs for 15 days then gavaged daily with 100 mg/kg b.wt of vit. C for 30 days; the 7th (ZnO NPs + Art. j. group), rats were gavaged daily with 10 mg/kg b.wt of ZnO NPs for 15 days then gavaged daily with 150 mg/kg b.wt of Art. j. for 30 days; the 8th (ZnO NPs + vit. C and Art. j. group), rats were gavaged daily with 10 mg/kg b.wt of ZnO NPs for 15 days then gavaged daily with Art. j. and vit. C co-administration for 30 days. ZnO NPs group showed a high significant increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase enzyme (ALP) and gamma glutamyltransferase(GGT) activities, serum total and direct bilirubin, creatinine, urea and uric acid levels, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and malondialdhyde (MDA) levels. While, it showed a high significant decrease in serum albumin, protein and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as blood hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and packed cell volume (PCV) as compared with control group. ZnO NPs groups that were treated by vit. C or Art. j. showed partial ameliorative effect against ZnO NPs-induced hepatorenal toxicity with convergent degree, but the efficacy of Art.j. was better than vit. C. ZnO NPs group that was treated by vit. C and Art. j. co-administration showed marked significant curative effects against ZnO NPs- induced hepatorenal toxicity.","PeriodicalId":11659,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Zoology","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89981904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EVALUATION OF THE TOXICITY AND APOPTOTIC EFFECTS OF SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATION OF THE PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR (ESREL) ON THE SLUG “DEROCERAS RETICULATUM”","authors":"Hoda Abd-El Azeem","doi":"10.21608/ejz.2018.27236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejz.2018.27236","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11659,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Zoology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78925067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BIOACCUMULATION AND BIOMARKER TOXICITY OF ALUMINUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES IN SOME BRAIN REGIONS OF MALE ALBINO RATS","authors":"G. Morsy, A. A. Kinawy","doi":"10.12816/EJZ.2018.27190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12816/EJZ.2018.27190","url":null,"abstract":"The current study aims to highlight the biomarkers toxicity that may be linked to the bioaccumulation of aluminum (Al) in some regions of the brain (cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus) of male albino rats, after intranasal instillation of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3NPs). To achieve this goal, rats were divided into two groups. By intranasal dripping, rats of the first group were given deionized water, whereas rats of the second group were given 0.9 g of Al2O3NPs (0.9 mg/kg/2) every two days. The results indicated that the bioaccumulation of Al has been significantly affected by the experimental periods (2, 8, 14 and 20 days) and brain regions. Bioaccumulation of Al in the cortex is much higher than in the cerebellum and hippocampus, at all the experimental periods. On the other hand, Al levels in rats of the second group were significantly higher than their corresponding levels in comparison with the first group, in the three brain regions. Regression analysis affirmed that there is a direct positive relationship of the experimental periods with the levels of Al, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but that relationship was negative with the glutathione (GSH) levels. In addition, there was a positive relationship between the accumulated Al, in the three brain regions, with the levels of MDA and H2O2, but that relationship was negative with the GSH. Levels of GSH were negatively correlated with the concentrations of MDA and H2O2. In conclusion, Al2O3NPs are highly bio-accumulative and selective for different brain regions and this accumulation caused a marked increase in the liberation of H2O2 into the brain tissues and potentiated the oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":11659,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Zoology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79865769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF SPINNING APPARATUS IN TWO SPECIES OF SPIDERS FROM GHARBIA PROVINCE (EGYPT)","authors":"M. Mona, S. Eissa, M. EL-Mehlawy, T. Salim","doi":"10.12816/EJZ.2018.27227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12816/EJZ.2018.27227","url":null,"abstract":"The silk spinning apparatus in the spiders, Filistata insidiatrix and Holocnemus pluchei was studied with scanning electron microscopy and the main microstructural characteristics of the silk spinning tubes were described. Each of the two species possesses three pairs of spinnerets, the anterior, middle and posterior ones. The spinnerets have only three types of silk glands, which connected through the typical spinning tubes (spigots) on the spinnerets. These spigots are the ampullate, pyriform and tubuliform tubes. The arrangement, mode of distribution and the microstructure of the spigots were recorded. The distinct difference between the two studied species was the presence of a cribellum located between the anterior spinnerets in the F. insidiatrix, while the other species “H. pluchei” was devoid of this structure. The probable functions of the spigots and cribellum were discussed.","PeriodicalId":11659,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Zoology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74002695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF AQUATIC ORIBATID MITES (FAMILY: MALACONOTHRIDAE, GENUS: MALACONOTHRUS) FROM SOHAG GOVERNORATE, EGYPT","authors":"S. Ramadan, Tarek G. Ismail, A. Mustafa","doi":"10.12816/EJZ.2018.27157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12816/EJZ.2018.27157","url":null,"abstract":"Two oribatid mite species belonging to the genus Malaconothrus, namely Malaconothrus ramadani sp. n.and Malaconothrus transversus sp. n.,were described as two new species. They were collected from the roots of the floating aquatic plant, Eichhornia crassipes in River Nile, Girga city, Sohag Governorate, Egypt. The first species, Malaconothrus ramadani sp. n., is clearly characterized by zigzag-like lateral margins of the notogaster, nine thick dorsal folds (2 longitudinal and 7 protruded transverse), eight ventral thick oblique folds (7 longitudinal and 1 transverse) and the genital plates carry four pairs of simple setae. Also, it has five and six distinct dorsal and ventral processes, respectively. The second species, Malaconothrus transversus sp. n., is characterized by the presence of six flattened dorsal transverse folds and five ventral oblique folds (4 longitudinal and 1 transverse).","PeriodicalId":11659,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Zoology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88006703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF THE FRESHWATER MUSSEL, NITIA TERETIUSCULA (PHILIPPI, 1847) (BIVALVIA: UNIONIDAE) FROM THE NILE RIVER IN EGYPT","authors":"M. Fol","doi":"10.12816/EJZ.2018.26970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12816/EJZ.2018.26970","url":null,"abstract":"Seasonal reproductive cycle, gonad structure, gametogenesis, larval development and sex ratio of the freshwater mussel, Nitia teretiuscula (Philippi, 1847) was investigated for the first time. A total of 200 mussels, were randomly collected each month from September 2016 to August 2017 from four regions along Nile River, Egypt: El-Kanater (Qaluobiya Governorate), Tura (Helwan Governorate) Geziret Bein El-Bahrein (Giza Governorate) and Geziret El-Dahab (Cairo Governorate). Histological examination of the gonads showed that N. teretiuscula is a dioecious species with a 1:1 sex ratio. The female and male gonads were found to be paired and asymmetrical organs, situated between the mantle and digestive gland. Female follicles contain edoogonia and oocytes that could be separated into, previtelogenin, vitelogenin and postvitelogenin stages. Male follicles contained spermatogonia and spermatocytes that could be classified as primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes and spermatids. Moreover, the reproductive cycle of both sexes included four developmental stages, developing, ripened (mature), spawning and spent. The predominant stages were ripening (mature) and spawning, whereas spent gonads were rare. Gametogenesis began in early spring and spawning occurred in late spring. Although mature oocytes and spermatozoa were present for almost the entire year, gonadal activity seemed lowest in autumn months. Both sexes displayed the most gonadal activity during the winter months. Consequently, eggs and larval stages (glochidia) were incubated for a short period within both the outer and inner demibranchsso; N. teretiuscula can be considered atetragenic and tachytachtic species.","PeriodicalId":11659,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Zoology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83258268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE BENEFICIAL ROLE OF VITAMIN D AND COCONUT OIL IN ALLEVIATING THE BLOOD GLUCOSE AND INSULIN LEVELS AND HISTOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN THE THYROID GLANDS OF HYPERGLYCEMIC MICE","authors":"N. El-Desouki, M. Salem, Dalia F. Afifi, M. Nasef, Faten M. Abdallah","doi":"10.12816/EJZ.2018.27235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12816/EJZ.2018.27235","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effects of either vitamin D or coconut oil or both together on the histological changes of the thyroid glands of diabetic adult male mice (Mus musculus) induced by using streptozotocin (STZ). The mice were divided into 7 equal groups (10 mice/each). The duration of the experiment was 4 weeks. Group I: normal control mice, a group without any treatments. Groups II and III: non-diabetic mice groups received vitamin D orally in a daily dose of 500 IU (6.25 ml/kg body weight) or coconut oil (7.5 ml/kg body weight/day), respectively. Group IV: diabetic mice group injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of STZ dissolved in saline solution in a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight to induce diabetes. Groups V, VI and VII: diabetic mice administered orally with vitamin D or coconut oil or both together with the same previous doses. The results recorded non-significant changes in the blood glucose, insulin levels of non-diabetic mice groups received either vitamin D or coconut oil. A high significant increase in blood glucose level and a significant decrease in insulin were found in the diabetic mice group as compared to the normal control ones. Diabetic mice group received the vitamin D only recorded a slight decrease in blood glucose level and a slight increase in insulin; while the diabetic mice received coconut oil alone or co-administered with vitamin D recorded a significant decrease in blood glucose levels and a significant increase in insulin as compared to diabetic group. Histologically, the mice of normal control group or that received either vitamin D or coconut oil showed the normal structure of thyroid follicular cells. Each follicle consists of a layer of simple cuboidal epithelial cells with spherical densely-stained nuclei, and its cavity contains vacuolated acidophilic colloid. The diabetic mice demonstrated many histopathological changes in the thyroid included vacuolated thyrocytes, enlargement of numerous follicles that were filled with colloids, and others demonstrated fusion between them. The appearance of dilated and congested blood vessels in the interstitia between the follicles was also seen. The diabetic mice administered with vitamin D elucidated little improvement in the thyrocytes, while that received either coconut oil alone or co-administered with vitamin D illustrated a marked recovery in the structure of  the thyrocytes with normal nuclei similar to the control form. In conclusion, diabetic mice received either coconut oil alone or co-administered with vitamin D demonstrated stronger anti-hyperglycemic effects to recovery the glucose and insulin rates to normal levels, and restored the histological architecture of the thyroid glands to approximately the normal status than those given vitamin D only.","PeriodicalId":11659,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Zoology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74578378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}