ElementsPub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2138/gselements.19.3.151
S. Demouchy, Qin Wang, A. Tommasi
{"title":"Deforming the Upper Mantle—Olivine Mechanical Properties and Anisotropy","authors":"S. Demouchy, Qin Wang, A. Tommasi","doi":"10.2138/gselements.19.3.151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.19.3.151","url":null,"abstract":"The interior of the Earth remains our last terra incognita, inaccessible to direct observations. Our understanding of the deformation of the mantle, which shapes our planet through convection and plate tectonics, is based on analysis of: (1) rare mantle rocks carried to the Earth’s surface by volcanic or tectonic processes, (2) the consequences of this deformation on the planet’s surface, and (3) geophysical data. These observables combined with laboratory experiments and numerical modeling imply that olivine deforms via the motion of defects within its crystalline structure and along grain boundaries. Ductile deformation by these crystal-scale processes results in anisotropic propagation of seismic waves, which allows us to probe upper-mantle deformation at scales of tens to hundreds of kilometers.","PeriodicalId":11643,"journal":{"name":"Elements","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45791799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ElementsPub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2138/gselements.19.3.133
{"title":"Meet the Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.2138/gselements.19.3.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.19.3.133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11643,"journal":{"name":"Elements","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ElementsPub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2138/gselements.19.3.191
{"title":"Mineralogical Society of Poland","authors":"","doi":"10.2138/gselements.19.3.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.19.3.191","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11643,"journal":{"name":"Elements","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47980289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ElementsPub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2138/gselements.19.3.182
{"title":"Mineralogical Association of Canada","authors":"","doi":"10.2138/gselements.19.3.182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.19.3.182","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11643,"journal":{"name":"Elements","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ElementsPub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2138/gselements.19.3.180
{"title":"European Association of Geochemistry","authors":"","doi":"10.2138/gselements.19.3.180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.19.3.180","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11643,"journal":{"name":"Elements","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ElementsPub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.2138/gselements.19.2.88
A. Deino, L. Gibert, C. Vidal
{"title":"Using Radiometric Dating, Magnetostratigraphy, and Tephrostratigraphy to Calibrate Rates of Hominin Evolution in the East African Rift","authors":"A. Deino, L. Gibert, C. Vidal","doi":"10.2138/gselements.19.2.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.19.2.88","url":null,"abstract":"Age-calibration of hominin fossils and artifacts in the East African Rift is principally achieved through dating of associated volcanic-sedimentary strata. The dominant dating techniques for sites ≳100 ka are the 40Ar/39Ar radiometric dating method, magnetostratigraphy, and tephrostratigraphy. The 40Ar/39Ar technique relies on the occurrence of volcanic deposits in the target strata, which are often present as a consequence of the interplay of rift formation and volcanic activity. The frequency of datable material may be limited; however, by also applying the relative dating methods of magnetostratigraphy and tephrostratigraphy to these same strata, a chronostrati-graphic framework can be built and applied to fossiliferous strata. This chapter provides examples of the application of these techniques at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and two areas of the East African Rift in Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":11643,"journal":{"name":"Elements","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46165053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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