Financial Landscapes Reconstructed最新文献

The Development of the Pawnshop Industry in East Asia 东亚典当业的发展

Financial Landscapes Reconstructed Pub Date : 2019-03-11 DOI: 10.4324/9780429038891-21

M. Skully

引用次数: 6

Financial Landscapes Reconstructed 重建金融格局

Financial Landscapes Reconstructed Pub Date : 2019-03-11 DOI: 10.4324/9780429038891

F. Bouman, O. Hospes

引用次数: 10

ROSCA and ASCRA: Beyond the Financial Landscape ROSCA和ASCRA:超越金融景观

Financial Landscapes Reconstructed Pub Date : 2019-03-11 DOI: 10.4324/9780429038891-22

F. Bouman

引用次数: 8

Structuring Credit to Manage Real Risks 构建信贷以管理实际风险

Financial Landscapes Reconstructed Pub Date : 2019-03-11 DOI: 10.4324/9780429038891-4

J. Von Pischke

引用次数: 0

Moneylenders and Merchant Bankers in India and Indonesia 印度和印度尼西亚的放债人和商业银行家

Financial Landscapes Reconstructed Pub Date : 2019-03-11 DOI: 10.4324/9780429038891-20

H. Schrader

引用次数: 2

Informal Rural Finance: An Aladdin’s Lamp of Information 1 非正式农村金融:信息的阿拉丁之灯

Financial Landscapes Reconstructed Pub Date : 2019-03-11 DOI: 10.4324/9780429038891-7

F. Bouman

引用次数: 0

Using Contracts to Analyze Informal Finance 用契约分析非正式金融

Financial Landscapes Reconstructed Pub Date : 1992-10-01 DOI: 10.4324/9780429038891-11

D. W. Adams, F. Bouman, O. Hospes

引用次数: 4

Consumption Credit in Rural Financial Market Development 农村金融市场发展中的消费信贷

Financial Landscapes Reconstructed Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4324/9780429038891-3

F. Heidhues, F. Bouman, O. Hospes

{"title":"Consumption Credit in Rural Financial Market Development","authors":"F. Heidhues, F. Bouman, O. Hospes","doi":"10.4324/9780429038891-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429038891-3","url":null,"abstract":"During the 1980s, there has been a fundamental shift from a supply-leading to a demand-oriented approach to the development of rural financial markets in developing countries. Dale Adams (1984) and his colleagues at Ohio State University provided increasingly persuasive evidence that the supply-leading approach to agricultural credit has failed. This approach was based on the assumption that the savings potential and the supply of finance in rural areas was insufficient for setting development in motion. Therefore, it was suggested to inject cheap funds from government and external sources into rural areas, regularly targeted at specified groups for predetermined productive purposes (investments, fertilizer, seeds, feed, etc.). Specialized, often stateowned agricultural banks, were established with the sole purpose of channelling production credit to a limited clientele. With many of these financial institutions failing, attention has shifted to building financial markets based on rural clients’ demand. The rationale of providing credit for production purposes was simple: credit, used to enhance the productive capacity of the borrower, will increase his future income, which, in turn, will allow him to pay interest and repay the loan. The actual performance of agricultural credit programs in many developing countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, seems to suggest that borrowers failed to follow this rationale on both accounts: the economic efficiency of credit use has often been low; the repayment performance has been poor. Many agricultural lending institutions operated with losses, and some collapsed when governments became unable to sustain them financially. Cheap credit policies, often implying negative real interest rates, have been seen to be an important contributor to institutional collapse (Adams 1984). Low interest rates make it difficult for commercial banks to mobilize savings. They tend to lower the margin on lending, causing banks to ration credit to a few and generally the larger and wealthier borrowers. Market determined interest rates are likely to reduce the lending bias towards large borrowers and to support the availability of credit for consumption purposes. The central argument of this chapter is that limiting credit to productive purposes is not only futile because of the fungibility of financial resources, but that it is also inappropriate and even counterproductive in the endeavor to build sustainable rural financial institutions. Providing production credit is only one of the three needs financial markets must address at the micro level. Failure to address the other needs will hamper financial market development. The chapter first discusses the functions financial markets have for rural households and then shortly addresses the difficulties in separating consumption and investment expenditure in rural households. Thereafter, a brief review of rural households’ needs for financial services follows. Based on surveys ","PeriodicalId":115960,"journal":{"name":"Financial Landscapes Reconstructed","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115628225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

The Agrarian Question of Financial Landscapes: The Case of Ambon 金融格局中的农业问题:安邦的案例

Financial Landscapes Reconstructed Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4324/9780429038891-14

O. Hospes, F. Bouman

{"title":"The Agrarian Question of Financial Landscapes: The Case of Ambon","authors":"O. Hospes, F. Bouman","doi":"10.4324/9780429038891-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429038891-14","url":null,"abstract":"Every agro-ecological situation implies a specific pattern of production and a particular combination of savings, borrowing and insurance behavior of producers. Likewise, the strategies and services of agricultural traders and other financial intermediaries depend very much on the agro-ecological situation. Soil conditions, cropping patterns, water supply and drought might have a strong impact on the nature and number of financial services in rural areas of developing countries. Predictability, periodicity and diversity of agricultural production directly affect decisions of producers related to savings, borrowing and insurance. Platteau and Abraham (1987) argue that credit has evolved as a hunger insurance mechanism in fishing communities in India as a result of daily fluctuations of fishing incomes: a fisherman with surplus income lends money to his less fortunate fellow fishermen, who are supposed to help him in return when short of money and food. Southwold (1990) describes how coconut evolved as the major form of collateral for credit for securing food in a period of drought, failure of the paddy crop and restricted money circulation in rural Sri Lanka. The regular and relatively predictable income from coconut proved a solid base for copra traders and shopkeepers to supply credit in cash or goods to farmers. Borren (1986) reports the existence of different flows and forms of credit in three ecological zones in the Great Scarcies Area of Sierra Leone, each characterized by a particular cropping pattern. Van Nieuwkoop (1986) finds that in Malaysia, “Paddy farmers who have an income that is generated only once or twice a year use more informal credit than rubber farmers who have a much more regular income” (p.60). These observations would lead one to expect that the relationship between particular agro-ecological conditions and savings strategies, credit transactions and redistribution of risk, has been the subject of much research and policy debate. However, only a few empirical studies have explored this relationship, and it is questionable whether their findings have influenced policy debate at all. Of course, this question is only one of many issues which arise in the field of rural finance, that is, the complex of decisions of individuals and groups regarding insurance, savings and credit; services of financial intermediaries; and existing relations and conditions that affect these decisions and services (cf. Schmidt and Kropp 1987). However, even at a time when the role of agricultural credit as a development tool was widely discussed, this “agrarian question” was hardly addressed (AID Spring Review of Small Farmer Credit 1973). Yet the considerable difficulties in defining “the small farmer” would have provided ample reason to do so. Rice (1973) mentions that, “no single satisfactory definition is available to distinguish small farmers from medium and large farmers in all parts of the world” (p.3). However, this conclusion was not follo","PeriodicalId":115960,"journal":{"name":"Financial Landscapes Reconstructed","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131082177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

When Credit Is Not Due: A Critical Evaluation of Donor NGO Experiences with Credit 当贷款到期:对非政府组织贷款经验的批判性评价

Financial Landscapes Reconstructed Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4324/9780429038891-10

C. Abugre, F. Bouman, O. Hospes

{"title":"When Credit Is Not Due: A Critical Evaluation of Donor NGO Experiences with Credit","authors":"C. Abugre, F. Bouman, O. Hospes","doi":"10.4324/9780429038891-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429038891-10","url":null,"abstract":"Consider this chapter as a critical assessment of the involvement of operational and donor NGOs with credit activities. It is drawn from ACORD’s2 direct experiences with designing and implementing various microcredit systems in 10 countries in Africa and through association with several local and international NGOs. Africa is the one place where many foreign NGOs like ACORD still operate directly in the field. Many local NGOs are more or less created by donor NGOs in their own image, or encouraged to serve as conduit for aid funds. Therefore, drawing upon the lessons of ACORD may not only be applicable to other northern donor NGOs, but to many African NGOs as well. It must be emphasized from the outset, however, that observations in this paper do not represent the totality of ACORD’s experiences but only those from which ACORD has drawn its own lessons. Like many development efforts, these lessons are very much the benefit of hindsight -learning from doing. It is in support of continuous improvement in the learning curve that this paper is directed. There has been no shortage of conferences on credit within NGO circles over the past few years. In most of these conferences, there has been much discussion about how to improve mechanisms for delivering credit to the poor or, at least improve their access to credit. Fewer have explored how to make the poor “bankable”, meaning how to mobilize savings. Fewer still have discussed how and when not to provide credit, or how not to destroy the financial systems of the poor. It was not long ago that NGOs3 concentrated mainly on the provision of welfare services. From a hands-off credit attitude in the 1950s and 1960s, based partly on a belief that interest-earning credit was usurious and therefore unethical, the 1970s represented a major u-turn. There was a visible shift from emphasis based on the provision of welfare and relief services towards increasing production and incomes by which the poor would provide for themselves in the future (sustainability), enabling the donor NGO or organization to build in a “withdrawal” time-table. The shift towards production and income generation was also brought about by the realization that welfare services alone did not seem to be creating a fast enough impact on poverty alleviation. Credit became a central plank of this approach, together with skill training, organizational and marketing support. NGOs arguing that the poor are creditworthy, became vehicles for transmitting large volumes of financial services to the poor. According to international donor agencies, NGOs offer less risk, are closer to the poor and more trusted by them (Remenyi 1991; IFAD 1987). Others occasionally slapped a credit component onto an already complex set of activities as if credit was simply a bundle of used clothing meant to be briefly worn and rapidly discarded. Yet, while the role of NGOs in the provision of financial services is growing by the day, the evaluation of their performances ","PeriodicalId":115960,"journal":{"name":"Financial Landscapes Reconstructed","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129799233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4