Ecology, Environment and Conservation最新文献

{"title":"A Status on Cropping Intensity, Irrigation Intensity and Crop Diversification Indices in Dharmapuri, Namakkal and Salem Districts of the North Western Agro-climatic Zone in Tamil Nadu, India","authors":"Karthick R, Velmurugan D","doi":"10.53550/eec.2023.v29i03s.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i03s.008","url":null,"abstract":"Natural disasters easily drain surface water. Currently, groundwater is the most important source of freshwater in all of the world. In 2020, the proportion of extractable groundwater usage in the world (69 percent), India (62 percent) and Tamil Nadu (76 percent) for agriculture purposes only; the remaining share was obtained by the domestic and industrial sectors. The present study was conducted with the objective of examining the interaction of irrigation on cropping intensity and crop diversification in the north western agro-climatic zone. Statistical data pertaining to the sources of irrigation, cropping area and irrigation area were obtained from the Season and Crop Report of Tamil Nadu for the period of 2005-06 to 2019-20. The findings show that groundwater is the primary irrigation resource, and that with the adoption of modern agricultural practices, irrigation intensities are decreasing, despite increasing crop intensity and diversification in the north western agro-climatic zone.","PeriodicalId":11458,"journal":{"name":"Ecology, Environment and Conservation","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85848032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Different Fertility Levels and Organic Nutrient Sources on Productivity, Quality and Economics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Emend. Fiori & Paol)","authors":"M. Meena, Rekha Kharra, B. Meena, Ashish Sharma","doi":"10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02s.057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02s.057","url":null,"abstract":"A field study was carried out at the Agricultural Research Farm, Vivekanand Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan during Rabi season of 2018-19 with the objective to find out the impact of different fertility levels and organic nutrient sources on productivity, quality and economics of wheat. The field experiment was laid out with three fertility levels (75%, 100% and 125% recommended dose of fertilizers) randomly allocated to the main plots of split plot design and five treatments of organic sources (control, vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1, vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB, farmyard manures @ 5 t ha-1 and farmyard manures @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB) assigning to sub-plots by replicating thrice. The experimental findings revealed that, among the fertility levels, the application of 125% recommended dose of fertilizers (120:60:60 N: P: K) being at par with 100% recommended dose of fertilizers, recorded significantly maximum yields (grain, straw and biological yield, respectively 40.19, 58.27 and 98.46 q ha-1), nitrogen content and their uptake by grain and protein content in grain of wheat over 75% recommended dose of fertilizers. The same treatment also recorded significantly maximum net returns ( 33698 ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.46) of wheat. Similarly, the application of farmyard manures @ 5 tha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB being at par with application of vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB, recorded significantly highest grain, straw and biological yield (42.13, 61.07 and 94.85 q ha-1, respectively), nitrogen content and their uptake by grain and protein content in grain of wheat as compared to other treatments. The results further stated that significantly maximum net returns (32384 ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.48) of wheat was obtained by application of farmyard manures @ 5 tha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB.","PeriodicalId":11458,"journal":{"name":"Ecology, Environment and Conservation","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78316195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of soil fertility for wheat using combined Fuzzy and AHP techniques in Udham Singh Nagar of Uttarakhand, India","authors":"Sudheer Kumar, Prem Kumar Bharteey, Lata Vishnoi, S. Rai, Supriya Pandey, B. Deka, M. Dutta, Ajay Kumar, S. Borah, Ayush Bahuguna, Nidhi Luthra, Sudhir Pal","doi":"10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02s.074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02s.074","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing soil fertility is crucial for developing effective soil management strategies that can enhance soil health, increase crop productivity, and promote sustainable agricultural practices. The current study was conducted to assess the soil fertility index and, to prepare a soil fertility zonation map using combine fuzzy and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) approaches in Udham Singh Nagar of Uttarakhand. Sixty GPSbased surface soil samples were collected (0-30 cm depth) from different locations, and analyzed chemical properties using a stratified multistage random sampling method and maps were prepared to identify their spatial distribution. The results show that the values of soil fertility index on the fuzzy scale (0-1) was varied from 0.04-0.62 and, therefore, the study area was classified as very low, low, and moderate soil fertility classes comprising 55.61%, 44.24% and 0.14%, respectively. AHP analysis revealed that the most important limiting factor for wheat production was available nitrogen, followed by phosphorous, potassium, organic carbon, pH and electrical conductivity. A correlation coefficient between wheat yield and soil fertility index was found to be as high as 0.86, and its validating the zonation of soil fertility classes. This study infers that combined fuzzy-AHP techniques may be used to compute soil fertility index and limiting factors of wheat production.","PeriodicalId":11458,"journal":{"name":"Ecology, Environment and Conservation","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73321827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Going Green by Adopting and Adapting Arbitration for Environment Related Disputes","authors":"Meenakshi Kalra, A. P. Bhanu","doi":"10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02s.032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02s.032","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the fact that the law has evolved in addressing the array of concerns existing by often immediate and irreversible damage to the soul environment, the working of the law has been plagued by an unsuccessful dispute settlement mechanism with little detailing on its administration. International environmental treaties are gradually making more space for alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods for dispute settlement. The Permanent Court of Arbitration Environment Arbitration Rules, 2001 are a set of rules with a little novel features addressing concerns which are exclusive for environmental disputes – the role of the nonstate actors and multi-party disputes. The rules are formed in a manner that would make possible for any group of parties to dispute state, NGOs, multinational corporations and even individuals. The policy is also formulated to tackle multi-party disputes. Another important characteristic of these rules are that they also addresses the cost aspect of international dispute settlement process - member states have access to the environment assistance fund. Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) and the environment rules fill the place of forum for environmental disputes with expertise. The paper makes no endeavor to state that there is nonexistence of normative structure with reference to dispute resolution in trans-boundary environmental disputes. Rather it aims to demonstrate the normative insufficiency in the methodology adopted to address the content of the dispute resolution mechanisms and present ADR methods as a successful methodology for resolution of environmental disputes. It starts with a concise discussion on the characterization of an environmental dispute and the difficulty in the present legal regime. This is followed by a short overview of the dispute settlement structure in international law. It then discusses the mechanism of conciliation, mandatory and optional, exemplified in the course of a few international environmental instruments. Further there is a dialogue on the Permanent Court of Arbitration Optional Rules for Conciliation in Environmental Disputes, 2001 (Hereinafter rules, 2001). The next part discusses the instrument of arbitration, mandatory and optional, as exemplified through state practice in a few arbitrations like the Mox Plant Arbitration, and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) arbitrations. Additionally there is a conversation on the rules, 2001 and how they could be of importance by customizing them for disputes like the transboundary freshwater disputes. The paper concludes with an assessment of the rules.","PeriodicalId":11458,"journal":{"name":"Ecology, Environment and Conservation","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82244474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollination biology of Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume – An epiphytic ornamental orchid","authors":"Pratibha Magotra, Shivali Verma, N. Sharma","doi":"10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02.069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02.069","url":null,"abstract":"Pollination in Orchidaceae is known to have co evolved with its pollinators and many orchids in the absence of their pollinators fail to set fruits, leading to the decline in number in the wild. In the present investigation, pollination biology of Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume was studied. Flowers of R. retusa as expected are entomophilous. These are visited by several insects including bees, butterflies and beetles, however, only Xylocopa sp. was found to be the potential pollinator of the species. Fruit set on manual pollination was quite higher than on open pollination. However, no fruit set was observed in bagged flowers. The species is thus self-compatible but, requires its specific pollinator for successful reproduction.","PeriodicalId":11458,"journal":{"name":"Ecology, Environment and Conservation","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78676200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Toluene, KNO3 and Glucose on soil LGlutaminase activity","authors":"M. B. Narasimha Yadav, G. Padmaja, M. Madhavi","doi":"10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02.006","url":null,"abstract":"At the PJTSAU Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, incubation tests were conducted to see how toluene, KNO3 and glucose affect the activity of the soil enzyme L-glutaminase. Toluene has a considerable impact on the activity of L-glutaminase; it lowers enzyme activity in all soils. From 17.19 % to 36.06 %, the percentage drop in activity caused by the addition of toluene was more pronounced in black soils as compared to red soils. For six days, L-glutaminase activity increased in soils that had been incubated with either glucose or glucose-nitrate mixtures. Glucose and nitrate-treated soils were more active than soils that had only been nitrate-treated alone.","PeriodicalId":11458,"journal":{"name":"Ecology, Environment and Conservation","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87970152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential use of plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) for Tea Plant Cultivation in Assam: A Review","authors":"Dhritiman Chanda, G. D. Sharma, Marufa Ibnat, M. Dey","doi":"10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02s.073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02s.073","url":null,"abstract":"Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) have been found to be highly beneficial for plants as they help defend against fungal diseases commonly found in soil. They play an important role in plant growth, health and productivity. They increase seedling tolerance to drought, high temperatures, toxic heavy metals, high or low pH and even extreme soil acidity. The use of PGPR has proven to be an environmentally best way to increase the crop yield by facilitating plant growth through either a direct or indirect mechanism. Tea is grown all over the Assam and cultivated in major areas where chemical fertilizers are used. So, the use of PGPR can minimise the application of chemical fertilizer for the production of organic tea. This review highlights the future research works which are needed in many areas of Assam by the use of beneficial strains of PGPR to reduce the use of pesticide for commercial production of organic tea for healthy consumption by the people at large","PeriodicalId":11458,"journal":{"name":"Ecology, Environment and Conservation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87019442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study on Community Structure and Regeneration Status of Tree Species in Urban Forests of Delhi, India","authors":"Khushboo Randhawa, T. Shimrah","doi":"10.53550/eec.2023.v29i03s.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i03s.003","url":null,"abstract":"‘New Delhi’ capital of India is under immense pressure to sustain increasing population and to cope up with urbanization. It has urban forests or ridges, which aids the Delhi’s healthy lifestyle by balancing ecosystem. To assess the forest health the species composition, density, basal area, IVI, diversity indices, regeneration status of tree species were evaluated. Three sites namely Kamla Nehru Ridge (KR), Central Ridge (CR) and Southern Ridge (SR) were selected. A total of 51 tree species belonging to 21 families were reported. Species richness varied for trees (20-37), saplings (5-20) and seedlings (5-11). Densities ranged between (517-1043 Individuals/ha) for trees, saplings (133-470 Individuals/ha) and seedlings (53-273 Individuals/ha) respectively. Species diversity ranged between for trees (2.3-3.3), saplings (1.4-2.2) and seedlings (1.5-2.1). Total basal area varied from 4.87 to 22.94 m2/ha (trees), 0.26 to 0.49 m2/ha (saplings) and 0.17 to 0.02 m2/ha (seedlings). Maximum species (20-70%) showed ‘no’ regeneration whereas, (30- 50%) showed ‘poor’ regeneration and only Acacia leucocephala showed ‘fair’ regeneration in SR. It was observed that Prosopis juliflora was the dominant species in all three sites; it is an exotic species which hinders the understory growth. All over regeneration status of Delhi’s urban forest was found ‘poor’, which is a matter of concern. For balance environment and for proper inflow of ecosystem services provided by urban forest to sustain healthy lifestyle in city, it is necessary to implement proper strategies for conservation and maintenance of these forests.","PeriodicalId":11458,"journal":{"name":"Ecology, Environment and Conservation","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87107956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative study on Biodiversity of Plant species between Natural forest and Coffee agro forest in Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India","authors":"J. Ramalakshmana, Y.T. Rajesh Babu, S. B. Padal","doi":"10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02.018","url":null,"abstract":"We studied plant biodiversity (trees, shrubs and herbs) in two kinds of forests, natural and coffee agro forests and comparing diversity of plant species between them. The natural forest contained 63 plant species in total, of which 44 were trees, 5 were shrubs, and 14 were herbs. The planted forest, on the other hand, contained 42 species of flora, including 35 trees, 1 shrub, and 6 herbs. In the natural forest, the ShannonWiener diversity indices for trees, shrubs, and herbs were 3.26, 1.53, and 2.57, respectively. In the coffee agro forest, it was 2.91 for tree species, 0.00 for shrub species, and 1.77 for herb species. Simpson diversity index were 0.95, 0.77 and 0.91 for trees, shrubs and herbs respectively in the natural forest. However, it was 0.92 for tree species, 0.00 for shrub species and 0.82 for herb species in the coffee agro forest. Jaccard’s similarity index showed that 72% species of trees, 20% species of shrubs and 33% species of herbs were same in natural and coffee agro forest.","PeriodicalId":11458,"journal":{"name":"Ecology, Environment and Conservation","volume":"148 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88101666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth, yield and economic analysis of strawberry under nutrient film technique of hydroponic system","authors":"M. Rani, Saket Mishra, Shashi Kant Ekka, H. Mishra","doi":"10.53550/eec.2023.v29i03s.087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i03s.087","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment entitled “Growth, yield and economic analysis of strawberry c.v. Winter Dawn under close Hydroponics system” was conducted in Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. A Randomized Block Design was adopted as a method for analysis. The experiment included 9 treatments with 3 replication, which included 20 plants of strawberry in each treatment. The quantity of nutrients varies in each treatment from T1- T9 with respect to the timing of flow and amount of water used. The timing of flow of nutrients in each replication was 24hr./day, 18 hr./day, 12hr./day respectively . Out of all the treatments T1 turned out to the best combination for the growth due to suitable amount of nutrients and appropriate timing for strawberry in hydroponics setup. The yield was also more in the treatment T1 as compared to other treatments. The benefit cost ratio was recorded best in T1 set up, i.e. 1:1.229.","PeriodicalId":11458,"journal":{"name":"Ecology, Environment and Conservation","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86155092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}