East Africa Science最新文献

{"title":"Biological Activity of Sumilarv 0.5G against Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis in Northern Tanzania","authors":"E. Kweka, A. Mahande, S. Msangi, Subira Sayumwe, J. Ouma, V. Temba, Lucile J. Lyaruu, Y. Himeidan","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.17","url":null,"abstract":"Background:\u0000 Sumilarv 0.5G (Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan)\u0000 is a granular insecticide developed for the control of mosquito and fly\u0000 aquatic stages. The active ingredient is pyriproxyfen (4-phenoxyphenyl\u0000 (RS)-2-(2 – pyridyloxy) propyl ether), a juvenile hormone analogue that\u0000 acts as an insect growth regulator. Sumilarv 0.5G functions by\u0000 inhibition of adult emergence from pupae. In this study, the Tropical\u0000 Pesticides Research Institute in Tanzania carried out laboratory,\u0000 semifield, and full-field evaluation on a new candidate of pupicide,\u0000 Sumilarv 0.5G. The present study, therefore, sought to test the\u0000 bioefficacy of Sumilarv 0.5G in laboratory, semifield, and full-field\u0000 conditions in Mabogini, northern Tanzania. Methods: Standard World\u0000 Health Organization laboratory bioefficacy evaluations of Sumilarv 0.5G\u0000 and untreated microcosms were prepared and monitored for inhibition of\u0000 the larvae introduced to the habitats, while field plots were monitored\u0000 for 5 weeks after the introduction of Sumilarv 0.5G using\u0000 manufacturer-recommended doses. Results: Sumilarv 0.5G\u0000 biolarvicide was highly efficacious in its pupicidal effect, with an\u0000 adult emergence inhibition rate of up to 90% in all conditions. In both\u0000 laboratory and semifield experiments, the emergence inhibition was\u0000 dose-dependent, with the lowest adult emergence being recorded in\u0000 association with the highest Sumilarv 0.5G dose of 0.03 ppm of active\u0000 ingredient. Under field conditions, the application rate recommended by\u0000 the manufacturer – 5 mg ai per m2 –\u0000 reduced the adult emergence rate by 90% to 96% for up to 5\u0000 weeks. Conclusion:\u0000 We demonstrated the long-lasting biological activity of\u0000 Sumilarv 0.5G under field conditions. Notably, the field efficacy was\u0000 attained using the recommended dose of 5 mg per m2, thus making it economical to apply this\u0000 product, which is capable of inhibiting mosquito productivity in natural\u0000 habitats for longer periods than achieved by existing products, the\u0000 efficacy of which is usually about 1 week.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89510428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the First Issue of East Africa Science: Search, Discover, Develop","authors":"F. Mashauri, Harriet Nabudere","doi":"10.24248/easci.v1i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/easci.v1i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>None</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90622267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti Infection in\u0000 Mosquitoes from Pangani District, Northeastern Tanzania","authors":"Godlisten S. Materu","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.16","url":null,"abstract":"Background:\u0000 Wuchereria bancrofti is the most\u0000 widely distributed of the 3 nematodes known to cause lymphatic\u0000 filariasis, the other 2 being Brugia malayi and\u0000 Brugia timori. Anopheles gambiae\u0000 and Anopheles funestus are the main\u0000 vectors. However, the relative contributions of mosquito vectors to\u0000 disease burden and infectivity are becoming increasingly important in\u0000 coastal East Africa, and this is particularly true in the urban and\u0000 semiurban areas of Pangani District, Tanzania. Methods: Mosquitoes were\u0000 sampled from 5 randomly selected villages of Pangani District, namely,\u0000 Bweni, Madanga, Meka, Msaraza, and Pangani West. Sampling of mosquitoes\u0000 was done using standard Centers for Disease Control light traps with\u0000 incandescent light bulbs. The presence of W. bancrofti\u0000 in mosquitoes was determined via polymerase chain reaction\u0000 (PCR) assays using NV1 and NV2 primers, and PoolScreen 2 software was\u0000 used to determine the estimated rate of W. bancrofti\u0000 infection in mosquitoes. Results: A total of 951\u0000 mosquitoes were collected, of which 99.36% were Culex\u0000 quinquefasciatus, 0.32% were Anopheles\u0000 gambiae, and 0.32% other Culex species.\u0000 The estimated rate of W. bancrofti infection among\u0000 these mosquitoes was 3.3%. Conclusion: This was the\u0000 first study employing the use of PoolScreen PCR to detect W.\u0000 bancrofti circulating in mosquito vectors in Pangani\u0000 District, northeastern Tanzania. The presence of W. bancrofti\u0000 infection suggests the possibility of infected humans in the\u0000 area. The high abundance of Cx. quinquefasciatus\u0000 calls for integrated mosquito control interventions to\u0000 minimise the risk of W. bancrofti transmission to\u0000 humans. Further research is required to gain an in-depth understanding\u0000 of the W. bancrofti larval stages in mosquitoes,\u0000 their drug sensitivity and susceptibility profiles, and their\u0000 fecundity.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82654219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination and Quantification of Gallic Acid in Raw Propolis by High-performance Liquid Chromatography–Diode Array Detector in Burundi","authors":"R. Nyandwi, Ayşe S. Kılıç, Meltem Çelik, H. Oruç","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.18","url":null,"abstract":"Background:\u0000 Honey, pollen, and propolis are among the products that\u0000 bees process and derive from plants and flowers. Propolis is a resinous\u0000 material that bees gather from the buds and bark of some trees and small\u0000 plants. Propolis from temperate climates mainly contains phenolic\u0000 compounds, in contrast with propolis from tropical climates, which\u0000 mainly contains terpenes. This study aimed to determine, characterise,\u0000 and quantify the phenolic content of raw propolis from\u0000 Burundi. Methods:\u0000 In this study, a total of 6 samples were collected from\u0000 the provinces of Rumonge, Cibitoke, and Ruyigi in Burundi. Fifteen\u0000 phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, ferulic acid, epigallocatechin\u0000 gallate, isoferulic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester,\u0000 gallic acid, apigenin, chrysin, galangin, quercetin, kaempherol, rutin\u0000 trihydrate, naringenin, and pinocembrin) were used as high-performance\u0000 liquid chromatography (HPLC) standards for qualitative and quantitative\u0000 analyses of the propolis samples. Results: Among the 15\u0000 phenolic compounds checked, only 1 – gallic acid – was detected at a\u0000 measurable level using an HPLC-diode array detector system.\u0000 Conclusion: In addition\u0000 to terpenes, propolis found in sub-Saharan Africa may contain phenolic\u0000 compounds. Further advanced investigation of sub-Saharan African\u0000 propolis is required for more detailed\u0000 characterisation.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78644657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobile Health in Uganda: A Case Study of the\u0000 Medical Concierge Group","authors":"L. Kamulegeya, Joseph Ssebwana, Wilson Abigaba, J. Bwanika, Davis Musinguzi","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.12","url":null,"abstract":"  The ubiquity of mobile phones offers an opportunity for a\u0000 paradigm change in health-care delivery, which may offer solutions to\u0000 some of the challenges faced by the health sector in Uganda. The Medical\u0000 Concierge Group (TMCG) is a digital health company, headquartered in\u0000 Uganda, which leverages on mobile phone-based platforms – such as short\u0000 messaging service (SMS), voice calling – and social media to deliver\u0000 health services. Just over two-thirds (68%) of users of TMCG’s services\u0000 are males between 18 and 30 years of age. SMS reminders have improved\u0000 the honouring of health facility appointments among HIV-positive\u0000 clients, from 60% to 90%; retention rates at supported health facilities\u0000 have improved from 45% to 89%. Furthermore, information dissemination\u0000 has been achieved via mobile SMS, wherein subscribers can access health\u0000 content on diverse topics – such as HIV/AIDS prevention and family\u0000 planning – by sending messages to a pre-defined short code to a phone\u0000 line. Over 900 beneficiaries have accessed health content via SMS\u0000 subscriptions. Social media platforms, including Facebook and Twitter,\u0000 are used for health information dissemination and have enabled a wider\u0000 reach to over 13 million beneficiaries accessing health information on\u0000 TMCG’s Facebook page alone. Tailoring mobile phone-based health content\u0000 to meet the target beneficiaries’ needs is critical for TMCG’s impact\u0000 and uptake. With rising rates of phone ownership and Internet\u0000 connectivity in Uganda, mobile phones offer an affordable and proven\u0000 adoptable avenue to overcome the chronic challenges faced by the health\u0000 sector.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84536968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Distribution of Multidrug-Resistant\u0000 Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Tanzania","authors":"J. Mgogwe, H. Semvua, Oliva Safari, G. Kapanda, B. Nyombi, J. Chilongola","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.14","url":null,"abstract":"Background:\u0000 Molecular identification of mutations resulting in\u0000 multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is an important approach for\u0000 improving understanding of MDR-TB epidemiology and planning for\u0000 appropriate interventions. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and\u0000 distribution of mutations causing MDR-TB as well as determine the gene\u0000 distribution among patients previously treated for TB. Methods: This was a\u0000 cross-sectional, hospital-based study conducted from April 2017 to\u0000 October 2018 at Kibong’oto Infectious Diseases Hospital (KIDH). KIDH is\u0000 the national MDR-TB referral hospital. Participants were patients\u0000 presumptively diagnosed with MDR-TB and referred to KIDH from district\u0000 and regional hospitals across Tanzania. Sputum samples were collected\u0000 and analysed using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay, direct sputum smear\u0000 fluorescence microscopy, culture on Lowenstein-Jensen medium, and line\u0000 probe assay using the GenoType MTBDRplus VER 2.0 system. Demographic\u0000 information and mutation frequencies were reported as counts and\u0000 percentages and analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 208\u0000 (69.3%) participants had rpoB gene mutations\u0000 conferring resistance to only rifampicin; 92 (30.7%) had\u0000 rpoB, katG, and inhA\u0000 mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid;\u0000 78 (26%) had rpoB and katG\u0000 mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid;\u0000 and 14 (4.7%) had rpoB and inhA\u0000 mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin and\u0000 isoniazid. Conclusion:\u0000 The mutation prevalences identified in this study\u0000 indicate the most frequent mutations were the S531L mutation of the\u0000 rpoB gene, the S315T1 mutation of the\u0000 katG gene, and the S315T mutation in the promoter\u0000 region of the inhA gene. To control the emergence\u0000 and spread of MDR-TB, drug sensitivity testing must be carried for\u0000 GeneXpert-confirmed TB patients prior to initiating second-line anti-TB\u0000 regimens.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85181052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"United Kingdom–East and Southern Africa Partnership at the Forefront of Developing the First Ever Test that Measures Patient Tuberculosis Burden in Hours","authors":"W. Sabiiti","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.11","url":null,"abstract":"  Mycobacterium tuberculosis has caused\u0000 tuberculosis (TB) in humans for at least 3 millennia, but the disease\u0000 has evaded eradication efforts by all human civilisations despite\u0000 promising technological advancements. The World Health Organization\u0000 (WHO) has set a target of ending the TB epidemic by 2035. Going by the\u0000 current rate of progress, it is estimated that it will take another 160\u0000 years to realise the WHO End TB Strategy’s target. Accelerating the\u0000 eradication of TB will require effective tools for diagnosis, vaccines\u0000 and medicines to treat the disease, and efficient implementation\u0000 thereof. This presents a great opportunity for innovators in East Africa\u0000 and the world over to chip in and develop the best technologies to end\u0000 TB. With funding from the European and Developing Countries Clinical\u0000 Trials Partnership (EDCTP), partnerships between the UK-based University\u0000 of St Andrews and research institutions in East and Southern Africa have\u0000 led to the development of the first ever test – the molecular bacterial\u0000 load assay (MBLA) – that measures the number of TB bacteria in a patient\u0000 and reveals if this number is declining as a patient progresses on\u0000 treatment. Initial assay results are available within 4 hours. Real-time\u0000 knowledge of patient mycobacterial burden and the effectiveness of\u0000 prescribed medications are crucial for timely clinical decisions on\u0000 patient management.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91274679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congenital Zika Virus Infection Paradigm: What is\u0000 in the Wardrobe? A Narrative Review","authors":"M. Mirambo, L. Matemba, M. Majigo, S. Mshana","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Background:\u0000 Zika virus infection during pregnancy has been recently\u0000 associated with congenital microcephaly and other severe neural tube\u0000 defects. However, the magnitude of confirmed cases and the scope of\u0000 these anomalies have not been extensively documented. This review\u0000 focuses on the magnitude of laboratory-confirmed congenital Zika virus\u0000 cases among probable cases and describing the patterns of congenital\u0000 anomalies allegedly caused by the Zika virus, information which will\u0000 inform further research in this area. Methods: We conducted a\u0000 literature search for English-language articles about congenital Zika\u0000 virus infection using online electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE,\u0000 POPLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge). The search terms\u0000 used were, “zika”, “pregnancy”, [year], “microcephaly”, “infants”,\u0000 “children”, “neonates”, “foetuses”, “neural tube defect”, and “CNS\u0000 manifestations” in different combinations. All articles reporting cases\u0000 or case series between January 2015 and December 2016 were included.\u0000 Data were entered into a Microsoft Excel database and analysed to obtain\u0000 proportions of the confirmed cases and patterns of anomalies.\u0000 Results: A total of 24\u0000 articles (11 case series, 9 case reports, and 4 others) were found to be\u0000 eligible and included in this review. These articles reported 919 cases,\u0000 with or without microcephaly, presumed to have congenital Zika virus\u0000 infection. Of these cases, 884 (96.2%) had microcephaly. Of the 884\u0000 cases of microcephaly, 783 (88.6%) were tested for Zika virus infection,\u0000 and 216 (27.6%; 95% confidence interval, 24.5% to 30.8%) were confirmed\u0000 to be Zika virus-positive. In addition to microcephaly, other common\u0000 abnormalities reported – out of 442 cases investigated – were\u0000 calcifications of brain tissue (n=240, 54.3%), ventriculomegaly (n=93,\u0000 20.8%), cerebellar hypoplasia (n=52, 11.7%), and ocular manifestations\u0000 (n=46, 10.4%). Conclusion:\u0000 Based on the available literature, Zika virus infection\u0000 during pregnancy might lead to a wide array of outcomes other than\u0000 microcephaly. There is a need for more epidemiological studies in\u0000 Zika-endemic areas, particularly in Africa, to ascertain the role of\u0000 Zika virus in causing congenital neurological\u0000 defects.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"C-18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85043911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis B\u0000 and C Viruses Among Couples Attending Antenatal Care in a Rural\u0000 Community in Rwanda","authors":"Onesphore Majyambere, A. Nyerere, Louis S. Nkaka, N. Rujeni, Raphael L. Wekessa","doi":"10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24248/EASCI.V1I1.15","url":null,"abstract":"Background:\u0000 Globally, over 325 and 170 million people are infected\u0000 with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), respectively.\u0000 If untreated, these infections can progress to cirrhosis or\u0000 hepatocellular carcinoma. The primary aim of this study was to determine\u0000 the prevalence, genetic diversity, and factors associated with HBV and\u0000 HCV among couples attending antenatal care in rural Rwanda.\u0000 Methods: This was a\u0000 cross-sectional survey of HBV and HCV seroprevalence. Study participants\u0000 were administered a brief structured questionnaire to obtain information\u0000 on sociodemographic and behavioural risk factors for HBV and HCV.\u0000 Participant blood samples were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen\u0000 (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies (anti-HCV) using rapid diagnostic kits;\u0000 confirmatory testing was done by enzyme immunoassay and nucleic acid\u0000 tests. HBV genotypes were determined using nested polymerase chain\u0000 reaction; HCV genotypes were determined by reverse transcriptase PCR\u0000 followed by hybridisation with sequence-specific oligonucleotides.\u0000 Statistical associations between risk factors and infection status were\u0000 determined using Chi-square tests and bivariate logistic\u0000 regression. Results:\u0000 In total, 220 individuals participated in the study. This\u0000 includes 110 pregnant women and 110 male partners who were attending\u0000 antenatal care at Gitare and Cyanika health centres. Two participants\u0000 (0.9%) had serological evidence of HBV infection, and 4 participants\u0000 (1.8%) were infected with HCV. HBV genotype A accounted for all HBV\u0000 infections; HCV genotype 4 accounted for all HCV infections. None of the\u0000 assessed factors were associated with HBV infection while occupation\u0000 type and scarification were significantly associated with HCV infection\u0000 (P values were .03 and <.01 respectively).\u0000 All cases of infection were discordant with their respective\u0000 partners. Conclusion:\u0000 Prevalence rates of HBsAg and anti-HCV are low in couples\u0000 attending antenatal clinics in rural Rwanda. Consideration should be\u0000 given to interventions aimed at reducing the risk of transmission in\u0000 discordant couples and infants of infected mothers.","PeriodicalId":11398,"journal":{"name":"East Africa Science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80892024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}