{"title":"Space charge probing with electron beam","authors":"D. Tong","doi":"10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470904","url":null,"abstract":"A diffused monoenergetic electron beam of variable energy is used to measure space charge profiles in thin polyethylene terephthalate films. The method and a quantitative model used for the profile calculations are presented. Results are given of charge profiles set up both by electron beam deposition and by voltage poling. The method is shown to have a spatial resolution of about 0.5 pm and a minimum detectable charge density of about 10−4 C/cm3. Inherent experimental problems and potential uses of the method are discussed.","PeriodicalId":113059,"journal":{"name":"1980 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122540247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The conduction current and breakdown under normal conditions and under forced circulation of insulating liquids","authors":"Hamdi R. Syla","doi":"10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470917","url":null,"abstract":"The work described in this paper is concerned with the investigation of conduction current and breakdown of insulating liquids, both for stationary liquids and when the liquid is in motion. It is generally thought that bubble and bridge formation are involved at some stage in the breakdown process of a liquid. The present work was undertaken to compare the conduction current and breakdown under normal conditions and under forced circulation of the oil where favourable conditions for bubble and bridge removal exist. Most of the experiments were conducted with transformer oil. In order to assess the generality of effects being studied, several electrode geometries were used. In all cases examined the conduction current increased and in most of them the breakdown voltage decreased with the speed of test liquid flow. The observed polarity effect for both uniform and non-uniform fields would indicate that the motion is the result of the interaction of the applied field and charge carriers in the liquid. The proposed physical explanation qualitatively agrees with the experimental results.","PeriodicalId":113059,"journal":{"name":"1980 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123294684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Boulter, L. Squillacioti, R. F. Zopf, G. B. Peters
{"title":"Solventless U.V. cured epoxy coating for generator stator laminations","authors":"E. Boulter, L. Squillacioti, R. F. Zopf, G. B. Peters","doi":"10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470883","url":null,"abstract":"A solventless ultraviolet curable epoxy coating for generator stator laminations was developed to achieve major energy conservation and assure uninterrupted production during periods of natural gas curtailment. The resultant cured stator coating demonstrates improved mechanical, electrical and thermal perfomrance over the present solvent based thermally cured coating. This paper examines the mechanical, electrical and thermal requirements of the application and reviews the processing advantages gained with solventless ultraviolet cured epoxy coatings. A review of the chemistry will provide the building blocks for the development of the final coating properties. Mechanical properties, including surface coefficient of friction, flexibility and compression creep will be discussed, highlighting the testing techniques developed to simulate service conditions. The improved electrical performance achieved with this solventless ultraviolet curable epoxy coating will be compared to the basic cured coating properties and specifics of coating processing. Limited thermal evaluation of the coating indicates improved high temperature performance which may make this coating a candidate for applications with higher temperatures than normally experienced with generator stator laminations. Finally, the pilot line experience with coating will be presented, along with the estimate of reductions in pollution emissions achieved.","PeriodicalId":113059,"journal":{"name":"1980 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114930646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Surface discharges on outdoor polymeric insulation","authors":"H. Kärner, H. Wehinger","doi":"10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470880","url":null,"abstract":"Insulators of polymeric materials for outdoor application have to withstand surface discharges, which may lead to decomposition and erosion. These effects are investigated in a rod-plane test configuration with samples thicker than 1 mm. The qualitative behaviour of the discharges and the patterns of erosion are described. The power loss of the discharges is quantified with an integrating bridge and the influence on the samples is measured by weighing the loss of material caused by erosion. The diagram of loss in weight plotted against accumulated energy dissipated by the discharges is a useful tool to compare samples of different thickness and materials.","PeriodicalId":113059,"journal":{"name":"1980 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133229968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The dynamics of electrical breakdown in liquid hydrocarbons, v. light emission processes","authors":"E. Forster, P. Wong","doi":"10.1109/TEI.1982.298458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1982.298458","url":null,"abstract":"The light emission associated with pre- and post-breakdown events has been studied in detail using a uv sensitive photomultiplier tube and an optical multi-channel analyzer. The information gathered in this manner suggests that the light emitted by partial discharges is of a similar origin as that coming from breakdown itself, i.e. due to gas phase reactions. The post-breakdown emission process is tentatively assigned to the reactions associated with the decay of the conducting plasma column.","PeriodicalId":113059,"journal":{"name":"1980 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133488678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The electrical properties of anhydride-cured epoxy resin insulation materials","authors":"J. D. Smith, A. Bennett","doi":"10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470893","url":null,"abstract":"Anhydride-cured epoxy resins are widely used to insulate electrical equipment (e.g., motors, generators, transformers, circuit breakers, etc.). When high voltage insulation (i.e., above 7 kV) capability is required in a.c. electrical equipment, the electrical properties, particularly dielectric constant and dissipation factor, of the cured resins have to conform to certain stringent requirements to be acceptable. This paper describes various \"screening\" tests which are used to evaluate the electrical properties of epoxy-anhydride resins. In particular, dielectric constant and dissipation factor electrical data, obtained in the range 25–150°C and 60 Hz, are presented for epoxy-anhydride resins containing various types of latent accelerators such as quaternary phosphonium and quaternary ammonium compounds, Boron-Lewis Acid complexes, metal acetates and metal acetylacetonates. Details of sample preparation, electrical property measurements and data interpretation are presented. Possible \"pitfalls\" in the technique leading to erroneous results and the possible misinterpretation of the data are mentioned. The reasons for the apparent high dielectric constant and dissipation factor values obtained with some of the latent accelerator additives in the epoxy-anhydride resin are discussed and the possible limitations of some of these materials for high voltage insulation applications are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":113059,"journal":{"name":"1980 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128540362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of electric fields on water drops in a viscous oil","authors":"J. L. Douglas, D. Shroff","doi":"10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470919","url":null,"abstract":"After the failure of a 66 kV oil-filled junction box in service, caused by ingress of moisture, investigations were made into the behaviour of water drops in a viscous insulating oil. In uniform fields, the water drops elongated until at a critical field strength they became unstable and breakdown followed; these field strengths were significantly lower than those previously reported. Distortion was also observed in non-uniform fields in junction box models, but above the critical field, water was ejected from sharp points which developed at the ends of drops. After the ejection process had continued for a few minutes, mushroom-shaped clouds of tiny droplets formed at the tips. At a later stage, these droplets sometimes lined up to form channels which propagated gradually between the electrodes. However, the presence of such a channel which bridged electrodes did not always result in breakdown of the oil. This was dependent on the droplet sizes and numbers. The general behaviour of water drops in a viscous oil is described in the paper, and the factors which may account for the low breakdown strengths are discussed. A cine film will illustrate the movement of the water droplets in the model junction box.","PeriodicalId":113059,"journal":{"name":"1980 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130859032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"HV laminated-insulated cables subject to bending: Problems and prospects","authors":"E. Eich","doi":"10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470886","url":null,"abstract":"Thermo-mechanical bending (TMB) of pipe cables has become a topic of interest since the appearance of numerous failures in the only extensive utility installation of 345 kV cable. Those failures occur in the unsupported span of cable within the joint casing; the question naturally arises whether TMB distress will occur within the line pipe if within-joint failures are prevented (by rigidizing the joint). This question has engendered considerable speculation, and a certain amount of testing. It is the purpose of this paper to give a rather informal survey of the present thinking on the subject. This is necessarily a personal impression, as the experimentation to settle the main questions has not, at the present time; been effected.","PeriodicalId":113059,"journal":{"name":"1980 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124546116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electrode corrosion degradation in metallized polypropylene capacitors","authors":"A. Yializis, S. Cichanowski, D. Shaw","doi":"10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470881","url":null,"abstract":"One of the major failure mechanisms in metallized polypropylene capacitors is the loss of capacitance through a conversion of the aluminum electrode to an oxide (corrosion). This work examines the voltage endurance and corrosion growth characteristic in metallized polypropylene capacitors under different conditions of temperature, power frequency and applied voltage. The corrosion growth phenomena are studied both in full size 17 uf capacitors and in \"stamp capacitors\" consisting of a two parallel plate arrangement that allows real time observation of the corrosion growth. The effects of electrode thickness and impregnating fluid are investigated and optical and electron microscope observations are presented that quantify different corrosion characteristics. The experimental results indicate that the electrode corrosion process responsible for the loss of capacitance is not consistent with a partial discharge mechanism, but with an electrochemical corrosion involving ionic transport under alternating field conditions. Electron diffraction microscopy data suggests that at least some of the corroded aluminum electrode is converted to an insulating crystalline Al2O3 of V form. The initiation and growth rate of the corrosion sites are shown to have a strong dependance on the frequency of the applied voltage and ambient temperature, with near zero growth under DC conditions, frequencies higher than ten KHz, and temperatures lower than −40°C.","PeriodicalId":113059,"journal":{"name":"1980 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123763126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Lamarre, D. Chatain, C. Lacabanne, H. Schreiber, M. Wertheimer
{"title":"Study of multiple relaxations in methacrylic polymfrs by thermally stimulated current and creep","authors":"L. Lamarre, D. Chatain, C. Lacabanne, H. Schreiber, M. Wertheimer","doi":"10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEI.1980.7470897","url":null,"abstract":"Poly (methylmethacrylate), PMMA, and a series of three methacrylic copolymers have been studied in the temperature range from −196°C to about 200°C by the thermally stimulated current (TSC) and the thermally stimulated creep (TSCr) techniques. The comparison of the dielectric and mechanical results has helped resolve ambiguities which arise when only a single technique is employed, and has revealed hitherto unreported characteristics of molecular motions in methacrylic polymers. The most important among these pertains to the 3 relaxation (rotation of the ester sidegroups): both TSCr and TSC have revealed the existence of at least four sub-modes, but in the case of TSC spectra the \"structure\" of the ß peak appears only if the sample is polarized in a relatively low-intensity (≤ 20 kV cm−1) electric field. These sub-modes, each of which is characterized by a single relaxation time, T, have been analysed in detail by TSCr. Although they all obey either an Arrhenius — or a Vogel equation, T values for PMMA are much smaller (while the activation energy, E, is larger) than for the copolymers. This has been attributed to interactions between primary and secondary transitions.","PeriodicalId":113059,"journal":{"name":"1980 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132724485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}