J. McClurg, Yujia Zhang, J. Wheeler, R. Pilawa-Podgurski
{"title":"Re-thinking data center power delivery: Regulating series-connected voltage domains in software","authors":"J. McClurg, Yujia Zhang, J. Wheeler, R. Pilawa-Podgurski","doi":"10.1109/PECI.2013.6506050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PECI.2013.6506050","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the fundamental advantages of series-connected voltage domains are briefly discussed in light of existing power distribution architectures for data centers. The key technical challenges of this architecture are addressed; and results from a working prototype system are presented as a proof of concept. In particular, a straightforward software-only solution is presented which eliminates the need for power conversion hardware between the distribution bus and server. Based on power-aware load balancing of web traffic and server frequency, this design is shown to provide adequate voltage regulation for a cluster of four web servers sharing the same line current. Compared with measurements of maximum server performance, the series-connected configuration shows only a minor reduction in net throughput. As a step toward improving system reliability and performance, a hardware supplement for over-voltage protection is presented along with measurements verifying its operation at full server load.","PeriodicalId":113021,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Power and Energy Conference at Illinois (PECI)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129646596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A graph-theoretic approach for addressing trenching constraints in wind farm collector system design","authors":"S. Dutta, T. Overbye","doi":"10.1109/PECI.2013.6506033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PECI.2013.6506033","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the topic of automatically computing cable layout designs of large scale wind farms. A network of cables in a wind farm's electrical collector system collects power generated by turbines and brings to the wind farm substation. Frequently, sections of the land area of a large wind farm are restricted for excavating and burying these cables, i.e. trenching. Such restrictions might arise from the landowners, presence of water bodies etc. It is important to take into consideration these real-life constraints in the process of automating designs of optimal wind farm electrical collector systems. This paper presents a graph-theory based methodology for addressing these trenching constraints in optimal collector system designs. The developed methodology has been tested on a real-life large wind farm.","PeriodicalId":113021,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Power and Energy Conference at Illinois (PECI)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129016213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A modular multilevel converter for series compensation of an EVH transmission line with battery energy storage","authors":"Andrew Dodson, Roy McCann","doi":"10.1109/PECI.2013.6506051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PECI.2013.6506051","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design and analysis of a converter for integrating energy storage into the transmission grid. The system consists of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) interfaced to a Modular Multi-level Impedance Sourced Converter (MMZSC) acting as a bidirectional controllable source for a three phase isolating transformer arranged in a Series Compensation (SC) configuration that is dual-purposed for both power flow control and transient stability of distributed generation that is weakly coupled to the surrounding power system. The design example is detailed with respect to considerations of interfacing to 345 kV lines. First, a qualitative design review is given with respect to limitations of current technology and valuable improvements made possible by this paper's combination of system configuration, topology, and device considerations. A description is given of how the converter is operated via a modified space vector modulation scheme in conjunction with a sliding-mode direct power control method. Computer simulations are included that demonstrate operating modes of this system; including bidirectional power flow, superior efficiency, reduced DC impedance requirements, and lower distortion than equivalent voltage source converters (VSC). This paper provides a new contribution by combining the elements of bidirectional power flow with a multi-level Z-source converter. In addition the justification for this system as the best candidate for providing the grid regulation functions is considered.","PeriodicalId":113021,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Power and Energy Conference at Illinois (PECI)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130657212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A finite-element analysis approach to determine the parasitic capacitances of high-frequency multiwinding transformers for photovoltaic inverters","authors":"M. Shadmand, R. Balog","doi":"10.1109/PECI.2013.6506044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PECI.2013.6506044","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic components such as transformers and inductors play a significant role in the efficiency and size/weight of inverter. They are also amongst the most difficult components to design, often requiring numerous design interactions and testing. Understanding and accurate prediction of parasitic winding capacitances of high-frequency multiwinding transformers in PV inverters is fundamental to improve performance, lower cost, and speed time to market. Parasitic capacitances are highly dependent on the winding geometry and the proximity of conducting surfaces. As the geometry of the components becomes more complicated, it is almost impossible to derive analytical equations that describe accurately the behavior of magnetic components. Currently, parasitic capacitances of the multiwinding transformers are only known with certainty once a prototype is built. Therefore a design-build-test cycle needs to be iterated, often at substantial cost and time. This paper presents a technique and method to quantitatively predict the parasitic capacitance of high-frequency multiwinding transformer by means of finite-element analysis (FEA). Comparison of the FEA results with a commercially constructed experimental prototype results shows good agreement.","PeriodicalId":113021,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Power and Energy Conference at Illinois (PECI)","volume":"209 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132739249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estimation of geoelectric field for validating geomagnetic disturbance modeling","authors":"M. Kazerooni, Hao Zhu, K. Shetye, T. Overbye","doi":"10.1109/PECI.2013.6506061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PECI.2013.6506061","url":null,"abstract":"Geomagnetic induced currents (GICs) cause half cycle saturation of transformers and consequently increase the harmonic currents and reactive power in the grid. This paper focuses on the GIC modeling as an important geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) mitigation program. A linear model is presented which relates the transformer GICs to the geoelectric fields based on power network topology and conductances. Using the transformer GIC measurements, three effective techniques are proposed for estimating geoelectric fields, namely the Least-squares (LS) estimator, the Ridge Regression (RR) Estimator and the Lease Absolute Value (LAV) one. The effectiveness of the three estimators under various noise scenarios is validated for a small systems and a larger test case through simulation results.","PeriodicalId":113021,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Power and Energy Conference at Illinois (PECI)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133392775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amshumaan Raghunatha Kashyap, Reza Ahmadi, Jonathan W. Kimball
{"title":"Input voltage control of SEPIC for maximum power point tracking","authors":"Amshumaan Raghunatha Kashyap, Reza Ahmadi, Jonathan W. Kimball","doi":"10.1109/PECI.2013.6506030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PECI.2013.6506030","url":null,"abstract":"The SEPIC (Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter) topology is an excellent choice for a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) converter in small solar energy systems. To achieve MPPT, the input voltage of the SEPIC, corresponding to the photovoltaic (PV) module's output voltage, must be regulated. In this paper, a model is derived with the voltage on the input capacitor as the plant output. The model is used to design a closed-loop controller to regulate the PV module voltage to match the output of an MPPT algorithm. Simulation and experimental validation are given.","PeriodicalId":113021,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Power and Energy Conference at Illinois (PECI)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121911627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improvement of power-conversion efficiency at light-load using a variable-duty burst mode","authors":"Kyung-Min Lee, C. Sung, Hoyoung Yoon, B. Kang","doi":"10.1109/PECI.2013.6506049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PECI.2013.6506049","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a new burst-mode driving method to increase the power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of a power supply at light load. The burst mode minimizes the power consumption by stopping the converter operation when load is light. The proposed method changes the off-period of the converter according to the load to achieve optimized efficiency across the entire load range. The PCE at 6% load was measured as 83.6% and 85.1 % for 75-W flyback and LLC Half-bridge converters, respectively, when applying the proposed burst mode; these values were 8% and 16.5% higher respectively than those for the converters without it.","PeriodicalId":113021,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Power and Energy Conference at Illinois (PECI)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130954642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Test bench for emulating electric-drive vehicle systems using equivalent vehicle rotational inertia","authors":"P. Fajri, R. Ahmadi, M. Ferdowsi","doi":"10.1109/PECI.2013.6506039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PECI.2013.6506039","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a new approach for emulating an electric-drive vehicle (EDV) system on a test bench setup consisting of a dynamometer, flywheel, and an electric propulsion unit is investigated. The equivalent rotational inertia of a vehicle is used to obtain a suitable control method based on vehicle and test bench dynamics. MATLAB/Simulink is used to model the test bench and simulate the control scheme for a standard driving schedule. Moreover, the effect of eliminating the large flywheel from the test model is investigated and changes to the control scheme are discussed. Simulation results of both cases are presented and compared. The results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink are validated using the ADVISOR software and found to be almost the same with minor deviations.","PeriodicalId":113021,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Power and Energy Conference at Illinois (PECI)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126515381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Value of demand response in the smart grid","authors":"Quanyan Zhu, P. Sauer, T. Başar","doi":"10.1109/PECI.2013.6506038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PECI.2013.6506038","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we raise the question: What is the value that demand response management (DRM) can bring to generation companies and consumers in the smart grid? The question is fundamental for understanding the efficiency and impact of DRM on the future power grid. To answer this question, we first establish a Stackelberg game framework that captures the hierarchical communication architecture of the energy system, and the rational behaviors of the consumers and the market operator. We define the value of demand response based on the Stackelberg equilibrium (SE) solution to the hierarchical two-person game problem, and the standard optimal solution to economic dispatch problem. In order to compute the equilibrium solution, we show that a consistency principle can be used to characterize the SE of the game in which the follower responds to the dual variable of the leader's problem. We use logarithmic utility functions to illustrate the solution concept and show that in some cases, DRM provides conflicting values to the gencos and consumers.","PeriodicalId":113021,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Power and Energy Conference at Illinois (PECI)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122381414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current ripple cancellation for asymmetric multiphase interleaved dc-dc switching converters","authors":"M. Schuck, R. Pilawa-Podgurski","doi":"10.1109/PECI.2013.6506052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PECI.2013.6506052","url":null,"abstract":"Multiphase dc-dc converters are widely used in power electronics, as they enable the processing of high power by splitting the load-current into multiple phases. Conventional multiphase circuits are supplied by a common source, and the goal is to distribute the processed power evenly between the phases. The best possible ripple cancellation can then be performed by shifting the switching operations of each phase by angles of even distance. However, in recent applications, such as maximum power point (MPP) tracking for solar photovoltaic (PV), multiple converters are supplied by sources that are often restricted to operate at different voltages and currents leading to asymmetric converter operation. To achieve improved ripple cancellation under these conditions, phase-shifting by uneven phase-angles is required. In this work, analytic formulas are derived to obtain suitable angles for phase-shifting. Simulations are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique, and a practical example of implementation with three dc-dc buck converters is presented.","PeriodicalId":113021,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Power and Energy Conference at Illinois (PECI)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115885159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}