Proceedings of the 49th International Academic Conference, Dubrovnik最新文献

{"title":"THE IMPORTANCE OF DEFENSE INDUSTRY IN TURKISH ECONOMY","authors":"Alper Sönmez","doi":"10.20472/iac.2019.049.036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.049.036","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes the extent of economic importance of defense industry in Turkey by using SIPRI database for the period 1953 through 2018. For this purpose, firstly, the development pattern of Turkish total military expenditure (in constant 2017 US$) is evaluated over 66 years from 1953 to 2018. Next, the statistics on the military expenditure per capita (1988-2018) is analyzed in order to analyze how a change occurs on the expenditure with increasing population. In order to determine how the defense industry evolved in a developing economy, we also examine the expenditure statistics as a share of Turkish government expenditure (2000-2018 period) and GDP (1960-2018 period). Finally, the position and importance of the Turkish defense industry in the world, and in Europe and Middle East region is revealed when compared to other 173 countries. Main findings of the study could be summarized in the following way. The statistics reveal that the industry ranks 14th in the world and 6th in Europe, with a total expenditure of US$ 22B in 2018. Among top 100 arms-producing companies in the world, there are two Turkish companies, ASELSAN and Turkish Aerospace Industries, ranked as 61st and 70th in 2017, respectively. Although it is seen an increasing trend in the expenditures over 1960-2018 period, its share in GDP continuously falls over the same period, and reached to 2.5% in 2018. As the expenditures as a share of GDP, the industry ranks 27th in the world and 5th in Europe in 2018. When we examine per capita expenditures, it is seen an increasing trend over 1988-2018 period, and we see that there is five times increase from $50 in 1988 to $250 in 2010, and the industry ranks 46th in world with $232 per capita expenditure in 2018. When we analyze the share of expenditures in Turkish government spending over 2000-2018 period, it is found that the average is around 7% for 19 years, with the lowest 5.5% in 2015 and the highest 9.2% in 2000. As a share of government spending, there is a rapid downward trend in the expenditures from 2000 to 2015, this corresponds to 40% decrease, but this process is reversing after 2016, and reached to 7.1% in 2018.","PeriodicalId":111232,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 49th International Academic Conference, Dubrovnik","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127607142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EVALUATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: A CASE STUDY OF RDP HOUSES IN SOUTH AFRICA","authors":"Barry Ehinomen Ebhojie","doi":"10.20472/iac.2019.049.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.049.012","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide, more than one third of energy is used in buildings which account for about 15% of the total greenhouse gas that is emitted globally. Buildings in cities can account to about 80% for carbon monoxide emitted. Therefore, the built environment is a very critical part of the climate change mitigation. Evaluated in this research are energy efficiency measures that can be implemented through regulations and controls. From administered questionnaires, the issues of energy efficiency have become an imperative principle in the building sector and the way it is managed in South Africa. Based on the analysis provided, energy efficient behaviour is the predominant factor that influences energy consumption. According to the PCA results, seven variables (Age of building, number of bedrooms, roofing materials, energy for cooking and heating, window style and brick and concrete wall) were all dominant variables and these variables remain significant after implementing multiple regression models to estimate energy cost.","PeriodicalId":111232,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 49th International Academic Conference, Dubrovnik","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134164334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECTS OF SOCIAL ORIGIN AND OWN ABILITIES ON INCOME DEVELOPMENT - NEW FINDINGS FROM GERMANY","authors":"Hartwig Hümme","doi":"10.20472/iac.2019.049.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.049.021","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between social origin and future income has been the subject of numerous studies and debates in economics and sociology. It has been proven that there is a strong link between social origin, educational attainment, and social destination in terms of economic success. However, there is still widespread disagreement as to whether social origin has an influence on later children income. The results of previous studies are not unequivocal in their findings and contradict each other in the effects observed. It?s also still completely unclear whether there are differences between the genders.However, studies based on correlations between siblings or twins show that there is a strong correlation between social origin and economic success achieved in later working life. But these studies only show that there are effects and not which mechanisms are responsible for them. But it is very important to understand these mechanisms as they are responsible for the persistence of social inequality and gender differences.In this study, I take up the proposal by Bukodi & Goldthorpe (2013) to decompose social origin into its main factors parental class, status and education in order to examine the distinct effect on income over the life course. To do this, I use the data from the German LifE-Study, one of the longest running longitudinal studies in the German regions following the life courses of N=1.359 individuals from the ages of 12 to 45. Different linear regressions and linear structural equation models show that the three factors of social origin have different effects on income. These effects also differ between age 35 and age 45 of the analyzed individuals and largely between men and women. For women not only their own education is responsible for the returns to education, it?s also the social background in which they grew up.","PeriodicalId":111232,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 49th International Academic Conference, Dubrovnik","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131934139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE FINANCIAL AND MANAGERIAL PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISES AND THEIR OPTIONAL SOLUTIONS","authors":"S. Bozsik, Judit Szemán, Zoltán Musinszki","doi":"10.20472/iac.2019.049.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.049.008","url":null,"abstract":"The main problems in the social cooperative management are caused by the quality of available human resource and the marketability of products and services. The root of the problems can be found in the quality of labour force and the improper marketing. External specialists are required mostly for administrative duties (in field of book-keeping, taxation and application-writing). The assessment for improving the competitiveness has got less importance. Our questionnaire targeted the economic and financial problems of social enterprises. Based on the result of this survey we created the financing pecking order model for social cooperatives in Hungary. We adapted the traditional pecking order theory invented by Myers (1984) to the financing mix of Hungarian social enterprises. We found that public funds play a dominant role in the external financing of social enterprises (focusing on social cooperatives). State subsidies are most important, but the financial and managerial contribution of local governments is also essential for successful operation. To improve the marketing of products we recommend social cooperatives to use a managerial income statement to determine the most profitable products and markets.","PeriodicalId":111232,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 49th International Academic Conference, Dubrovnik","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127565843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND MEASURES OF FISCAL DECENTRALISATION","authors":"Silvia Golem","doi":"10.20472/iac.2019.049.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.049.016","url":null,"abstract":"Once the phenomenon of fiscal decentralisation was appropriately operationalised and measured, it has become evident that not many countries had absolutely self-financing sub-national governments. The evidence shows that, in many developed countries, fiscal decentralisation has occurred almost exclusively through devolution of expenditure activities, while a large part of the regional and local government expenditures is funded primarily by intergovernmental grants, revenue-sharing programs, or other centrally controlled funds. Measurement-wise, this suggests that taxes should be refined in terms of the degree of autonomy they provide to sub-national governments. In the relevant empirical studies, it is a common practice to use accounting measures of either revenue or spending shares for sub-national relative to general government as a proxy for fiscal decentralisation. However, those two accounting measures may not capture accurately the phenomenon of fiscal decentralisation. The two standard sources of data for fiscal decentralisation have been the IMF?s Government Finance Statistics (GFS) where the intergovernmental fiscal structure of countries is not captured properly and OECD?s measure of revenue decentralisation where taxes are classified in terms of the degree of autonomy they provide to sub-national governments. As an improved measure of revenue decentralisation, Stegarescu (2005) constructs an appropriate measure of fiscal decentralisation; namely, ?purified? sub-national own-source revenues as a share of total government revenues. The main aim of this paper is to compare in details the above mentioned measures of fiscal decentralisation, and evaluate the bias in the accounting measures compared to a ?purified? measure that accounts for the real fiscal autonomy of sub-national governments by comparing the results gained through estimation of the government sector size model using the pooled mean group (PMG) estimation approach.","PeriodicalId":111232,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 49th International Academic Conference, Dubrovnik","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114732614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"METHOD FOR DISCRIMINATING THE MODE OF OPERATION OF THE STEERING WHEEL DURING CAR DRIVING","authors":"Akiko Watanabe, Y. Kurihara, S. Kumagai, T. Matsumoto, Takuya Hida","doi":"10.20472/iac.2019.049.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.049.041","url":null,"abstract":"Most traffic accidents in Japan are caused by a lack of attention by drivers. One of the main factors contributing to this is ?driving fatigue?. Previous research based on electromyographic evaluations has indicated that the optimal driving methods for reducing the upper limb load on drivers are an ?underside? grip position and the ?push?pull? steering operation technique. This previous research developed the systems that estimate the upper limb load during car driving. However, the systems developed only estimate the upper limb load based on a driving route assumed before driving a car: the problem being that actual driving operation is not considered. Therefore, we previously proposed a method for discriminating the grip position when steering on a straight road to estimate the upper limb load based on steering wheel operation during actual driving. This study now proposes a method for discriminating the modes of steering operation during turns to the right and left. First, we conduct an experiment with a motion sensor and a simple driving simulator to detect the two modes of steering-wheel operation (hand-over-hand steering and push?pull steering) on turning a corner. The 10 subjects (5 males and 5 females) perform the steering operation for each mode according to driving videos. It is found that the modes of steering operation can be discriminated because there are differences in the measurement results of the motion sensor for the two modes Second, using the experimental results, the method of steering operation is discriminated through machine learning with a support vector machine (SVM), supplying the SVM with the average value, standard deviation, maximum value, and minimum value of the measurements taken during steering operation. The discrimination accuracy rate of the test data is found by 5-fold cross-validation to be 97.5%.","PeriodicalId":111232,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 49th International Academic Conference, Dubrovnik","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116685942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE OF HEALTHCARE STAFF: A VITAL VALUE OF SERVICE OPERATORS","authors":"S. Wongjarupun, Korakot Wichitpong, P. Apibunyopas, Kanya Napapongsa","doi":"10.20472/iac.2019.049.044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.049.044","url":null,"abstract":": The diversity of peoples and cultures in Thailand has increased immensely. This challenges healthcare professionals, especially nurses, to recognize the beliefs and actions of patients from different national origins, ages, religious affiliations, languages, genders, sexual orientations, socioeconomic and occupational statuses, and geographical locations, among others. Not only do nurses deliver healthcare service closely to patients, but they also have to possess knowledge, attitudes, and skills that make diverse patients feel comfortable and at ease with them. Moreover, nurses have to maintain good communication with their patients for better healthcare service quality, ultimately, satisfying patients. For this reason, the cultural intelligence (CQ) is a significant capability of nurses. CQ determines how nurses are able to interact in service healthcare encounter with patients from various backgrounds. The objective of this study is to investigate nurses’ CQ. The target respondents are nurses in both private and public hospitals in Bangkok, Thailand, because they have much more opportunities to interact with multifarious patients. Nurses will be measured CQ according to Ang et al.’s model (2007) including four dimensions, namely, metacognitive, cognitive, motivational, and behavioral. Confirmatory factor analysis will be utilized for data analysis. The expected result is that nurses possess all four CQ dimensions with different weights. The implication of this study is to gain a better understanding of CQ of nurses in Thai context for healthcare improvement which leads to enhance patients’ satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":111232,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 49th International Academic Conference, Dubrovnik","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126188257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EVALUATING POLICY AND PRACTICALITY IN TOKYO METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT’S PRE-OLYMPIC ENGLISH LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY","authors":"Antonija Cavcic","doi":"10.20472/iac.2019.049.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.049.009","url":null,"abstract":"In a context of increased internationalization and in preparation for the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo, in 2014 Japan?s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) released the ?English Education Reform Plan? which aimed to implement English education reform through elementary, lower and upper secondary schools. A year later, the Tokyo Metropolitan Board of Education (TMBOE) distributed the Welcome to Tokyo series of textbooks to all students at grade five and above at public elementary schools in the Tokyo Metropolitan area. The general intention was to bolster young students? English skills. However, rather than focusing on language acquisition, critics have revealed that two main discourses are repeated throughout the policy documents issued by both MEXT and TMBOE. Namely, ?developing human resources? and ?nurturing Japanese identity.? Hiroshi Miyashita has argued that ?careful attention should be paid to these measures because they have potential to lead students to exclusivism or even nationalism without extra care? (Miyashita, 2017). In regards to the subtext and efficacy of these policies, this paper examines the Welcome to Tokyo series. By means of discourse analysis and taking into consideration content, lexical range, representation of race and gender, word frequency and structure, I question the text?s overall suitability for effective English language acquisition in an increasingly internationalized environment. To conclude, a brief summary offering suggestions for improvement and advice for educators in this context will be provided.","PeriodicalId":111232,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 49th International Academic Conference, Dubrovnik","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128228540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY PARADIGMS: THE ENTREPRENEURIAL BRIDGE","authors":"Gabriel A. Giménez Roche","doi":"10.20472/iac.2019.049.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.049.015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":111232,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 49th International Academic Conference, Dubrovnik","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121093231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE FUTURE OF GGC DEFENSE WITH NATO OR AS ARAB NATO?","authors":"Vivien Exartier","doi":"10.20472/iac.2019.049.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.049.013","url":null,"abstract":"The Gulf represents a sub-region of the greater Middle Eastern regional system with its own security and political practices and challenges. Within the Gulf Cooperation Council established in 1981, there exists general agreement on the types of current challenges that need to be confronted but there has never been clear consensus as to the type of strategies and policy tools that could be applied to begin to tackle them. Recent crises on the doorsteps of the Gulf region (Yemen, Syria) however pushed the GCC to be more aggressive in its response by sending financial aid or getting involved militarily. The region does need a security structure but needs to decide which route to follow.The first option is the European Union Security and Defense Policy as a model. The EU advanced its foreign policy agenda using its soft power and thrived at spreading prerogatives and expertise in areas such as conflict management and peace-building while slowly integrating its defence capabilities. The second option is within the framework of NATO since the US has had a military presence in the region and has had close relationships with member states. In terms of US security strategy, the stability of the Gulf is a critical just like Europe. NATO and four of the GCC members (The UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar) already members of the Istanbul Co-operation Initiative, which started in 2004 (Saudi Arabia and Oman have been invited but have not agreed yet.)The framework provides the members advice on defense transformation, defense budgeting, defense planning and civil-military relations, military-to-military cooperation to contribute to interoperability through participation in selected military exercises and related education and training activities that could improve the ability of participating countries' forces to operate with those of the Alliance. The third option would be its own structure including states beyond the GCC such as Egypt and Jordan: that is the idea of an Arab NATO or The Middle East Strategic Alliance (MESA) conceived to meet U.S. needs?to target Iran and to reduce U.S. regional presence without allowing China or Russia to gain influence?while disregarding the priorities, and constraints of prospective Arab member states. In reality, GCC buy weapons from Europe, China, Russia. China just established a military base in Djibouti.So the question is what should the GCC security architecture look like? ESDP and NATO had both a common purpose. The purpose of an Arab security structure is not so clear. For example, not all Arab states make Iran as a priority issue. The structure should promote the members interest and not just a major one and external powers. MESA is criticized for serving mainly US and Saudi interests. Another issue is whether to start an alliance or to improve an existing structure: the GCC already has interoperability in place and NATO has created the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative.The paper will look into those three options for the","PeriodicalId":111232,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 49th International Academic Conference, Dubrovnik","volume":"18 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125219744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}