Crop research最新文献

{"title":"Synergistic impact of nano-urea and microbial inoculants with varied nitrogen regimes on the yield and yield attributes of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.)","authors":"G. Bhoopesh, G. Baradhan, S. S. Kumar, C. Kathirvelu, S. Ramesh","doi":"10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-960","url":null,"abstract":"Maize, a crucial cereal crop in India, faces challenges like limited land and climate change. Fertilizers like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential for crop yields, but excessive use can cause eutrophication and nitrate pollution. Researchers are exploring slow-release fertilizers and nanotechnology-based solutions to improve nitrogen uptake efficiency. Slow-release fertilizers maintain nitrogen availability and control nitrification processes, while nanotechnology-based fertilizers release nitrogen only when needed, reducing emissions and leaching. Microorganisms like azophos can fix nitrogen, facilitate phosphorus uptake, and produce growth-promoting chemicals. The use of nano urea and beneficial microorganisms like azophos can boost maize production and yield. To investigate further, a field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu from July to October 2022 with a key objective of evaluating the partial supplement of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer in the form of conventional urea and nano urea along with the microbial inoculant azophos in hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with ten treatments comprised of different levels of urea and nano urea along with azophos @ 4kg/ha with three replications. Among the nutrient management evaluated, all the yield attributes and yield of hybrid maize viz., cob length, cob diameter, number of grains/cob, test weight, grain yield, stover yield, and harvest index were significantly influenced by theapplication of 50 percent RDN through urea + 50 per cent RDN through nano urea + 100 percent RD of P and K through conventional fertilizers + azophos @ 4 kg/ha (T8). Combining bulk urea and nano urea improved nitrogen use efficiency via metabolite production, enzyme activity stimulation, and microbial rhizosphere interactions significantly enhancing the yield attributes and yield.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10786,"journal":{"name":"Crop research","volume":"136 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141351286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standardization and selection of organic solvent and extraction parameters for charantin in bitter gourd (Momordica charantin L.) fruits ","authors":"Gajanan J. Solunke, ARUNAVA DAS","doi":"10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-976","url":null,"abstract":"Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae) is an important vegetable and medicinal crop that is grown in several tropical countries such as India, China, Malaysia, Bangladesh, part of Africa, Central North America, South North Asia, Singapore, Japan, and Vietnam. It is also used as raw fruit juice for cooking fruits and vegetable dishes. The fruits, leaves, and seeds of this plant contain charantins, which are insulin-like compounds. Therefore, it is essential to develop nutrient-rich extracts that are more effective for diabetes. Ethanol and methanol are edible solvents that enable the preparation of charantin-rich extracts. Experiments were conducted on charantin extraction using ethanol and methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. The study concluded that methanol is a better solvent for the production of charantin-rich extracts. Methanolic extracts had fewer impurities, less chlorophyll interference in the analysis, and better peak strength. The results of the study showed that there was 380–990 ug/g dry fruit powder dry weight content of charantin-level expression in fruit dried powder in methanolic extract, compared with ethanolic extract, which was 200–700 ug/g dry weight. The data show the significance of the use of methanol for bitter gourd charantin extraction.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10786,"journal":{"name":"Crop research","volume":"125 49","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141351685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive study on physico-chemical soil analysis for optimizing paddy (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation in Kamrup (Metro) district of Assam, India","authors":"Linton Hazarika, Nihar Ranjan Bora, Kharsing Ramdey, Prachurjya Baruah, Suntoo Das, Bijumoni Borah, Kishor Kr. Shah","doi":"10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-964","url":null,"abstract":"Rice being the staple food in Assam, its productivity should be increased for the availability of the common people. The main objective of this study is to compare the qualities of soil samples and to correlate the results with the production (per year) of paddy (Oryza sativa) from 3 different studied areas. The soil samples were collected during March-May, 2023. The oven dry method and drying and weighing method are used to determine bulk and particle densities respectively. The electrical conductivity and pH of the soil samples are determined using a benchtop conductivity meter and pH meter. Walkley-Black chromic acid wet oxidation method and methylene blue method are used to determine the organic carbon and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil samples respectively. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium of the soil samples are estimated using the instrument Mridaparikshak. The moisture content, bulk density, particle density, soil porosity, cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, P2O5, and K2O are observed in the range of 24.69 % to 39.42 %, 1.12 g cm-3 to 1.25 gcm-3, 1.83 gcm-3 to 1.99 g/cm-3, 33 to 43, 2.8 × 10-5mol dm-3to 11.7x10-5 mol dm-3, 7.4 to 8, 0.23 dS/m to 0.40 dS/m, 0.645% to 1.49%, 213.20 kg/ha - 235.14 kg/ha, 17.92 kg/ha - 20.44 kg/ha and 148.92 kg/ha -164.45 kg/ha respectively. The soil characterized by moisture content =27.52 %, bulk density=1.25 gcm-3, particle density =1.86 g cm-3, porosity =33%, cation exchange capacity =11.7 x 10-5 mol dm-3, pH {(1:5) at 210C} = 7.9, electrical conductivity = 0.40 dS/m, organic carbon =0.825 %, organic matter =1.42 %, N =235.14 kg/ha, P2O5 = 20.44 kg/ha and K2O =164.45 kg/ha showed good yield.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10786,"journal":{"name":"Crop research","volume":"44 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141353297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of different levels of nitrogen in combination with nano urea on growth, yield and quality of crossandra (Crossandra infundibuliformis L.) cv. Lakshmi ","authors":"S. Gowtham, P. Karuppaiah","doi":"10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-967","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation on the effect of different levels of nitrogen in combination with nano urea on growth, yield and quality of crossandra (Crossandra infundibuliformis L.) cv. Lakshmi was carried out in the Floriculture unit, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram during the year 2022-2024. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 14 treatments and 3 replications. Among the different treatments, the treatment T5 (100% PK + 75% N through urea + 0.4% Nano urea (3 sprays)) resulted in increased growth attributes such as plant height (85.21 cm), stem girth (7.95 cm), number of branches/plant (24.51), number of leaves/plant (99.29), leaf area (95.41 cm2) and chlorophyll content (0.840 mg/g). With regards to yield attributes, the treatment T8 (100% PK + 50% N through urea + 0.4% Nano urea (3 sprays)) showed early spike emergence (37.54 days), time taken for 1st flowering (44.83 days) with an increase in number of spikes/plant (36.27), spike length (14.21 cm) and number of flowers/spike (39.21). 100 flower weight (8.62 g), flower yield/plant (51.03 g), flower yield/plot (974.76 g/plot), estimated flower yield/ hectare (32.49 q/ha) and quality attributes like xanthophyll content (69.42 mg/g), carotenoid content (57.76 mg/g), shelf life of flowers (74.88 hours), longevity of flower in the plant (95.52 hours) and flowers with an excellent quality of visual scoring (9.16) were also observed the maximum in the treatment T8. The treatment control (T1) had the lowest value for all the growth, yield and quality attributes. Hence, it is concluded that the treatment T8 (100% PK + 50% N through urea + 0.4% Nano urea (3 sprays)) was found to be the best combination for improving the growth, yield and quality of crossandra cv. Lakshmi.","PeriodicalId":10786,"journal":{"name":"Crop research","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141366635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the impact of bone sludge compost on nutrient uptake and post-harvest soil nutrient levels","authors":"S. S. Shalik, G. Sivakumar","doi":"10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-974","url":null,"abstract":" Rice cultivation faces challenges such as declining soil health, nutrient depletion, and environmental pollution caused by industrial waste. The integration of bio-digested bone sludge compost industrial waste with other organic and inorganic fertilizers needs to be studied for achieving long-term sustainability of agricultural systems. Therefore, a field experiment took place during the 2022 at the Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India with an aim to examine the impact of incorporating bone sludge, a by-product of the ossein industry, as a fertilizer in conjunction with various other organic fertilizers, including bone sludge compost, pressmud compost, poultry manure compost, goat manure compost, and farmyard manure, on the growth, yield, nutrient uptake and post-harvest soil status of rice. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The experiment comprised eight treatments. The results of the experiment revealed that among the different treatments tested, application of bone sludge compost @ 5 t/ha + pressmud compost @ 5 t/ha along with balance N and K through fertilizers excelled all treatments and gave significantly higher nutrient uptake of 151.10, 63.51, 147.05 kg/ha of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium respectively also recorded highest post-harvest soil available nutrient of 222.98, 110.23, 276.21 kg/ha of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium when compared to other treatments. The results of this study underscore the efficacy of utilizing bone sludge compost and pressmud compost, coupled with meticulous fertilizer management, to augment nutrient assimilation in rice crops and bolster soil fertility post-harvest. These findings present compelling evidence for the adoption of sustainable agricultural strategies aimed at enhancing crop productivity while concurrently preserving soil health.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10786,"journal":{"name":"Crop research","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141367712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for analysis of charantin in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) fruits","authors":"Gajanan J. Solunke, Arunava Das","doi":"10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-971","url":null,"abstract":"Horticultural plants such as the bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L., family Cucurbitaceae) have a special significance as a vegetable in the kitchen and offer health benefits. Bitter gourd is cultivated in several tropical regions of Asian countries and in parts of Africa, Central North America, South North Asia, Singapore, Japan, etc. The main objective of this study is to develop a modified and validated high performance method for the quantification of charantin. Bitter gourd is rich in various phytomolecules, including charantin as an antidiabetic agent. Charantin is one of these phytomolecules that acts as an antidiabetic agent in type 2 diabetics. Charantin has a high molecular weight so that it is easily digested when taken orally. A validated and modified high performance liquid chromatography method was used for the quantification of charantin in bitter gourd fruits. Bitter gourd plants transplanted in Kharif 2023 from Mandsaur University Nursery, Mandsaur Campus were used for modification of extraction parameters and for carrying out the validated protocol in Kharif 2023. The fruits were harvested 60-65 days after planting in June/July 2022. Charantin extraction was done using methanol in Soxhlet and analysis was done using modified high performance liquid chromatography for quantification. C18 columns as stationary phase and methanol:water (98:2) were used for separation and quantification of charantin. Validated method for the analysis and separation of charantin in dry powder of bitter gourd fruits. Analysis and quantification were performed using the methanolic extract and yielded a content of 200-600 ug/g dry fruit weight. The high charantin variety can be used for further breeding purposes or directly for product formulation and basic clinical trials if required.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10786,"journal":{"name":"Crop research","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141366782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antifungal potential of rhizospheric bacterial isolates of Daucus carota against brown spot fungus Cochliobolus miyabeanus ","authors":"Shweta Sonam, Alok Kumar Srivastava, Rajesh Sharma","doi":"10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-970","url":null,"abstract":"Cochliobolus miyabeanus is an important plant pathogen which causes a very common and widespread brown spot disease in rice, that may result in a severe reduction in the crop yield. The current studies were carried out to search out the antifungal potential of the bacterial isolates from the rhizospheric region of Daucus carota against brown spot fungus, C. miyabeanus. Isolation of rhizospheric bacterial isolates was done from carrot grown field of district Jaunpur in month of January, 2023. Experiment work has been done in Department of Biotechnology, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur in 2023 from the month January to November. All bacterial isolates were tested for antifungal activity against brown spot fungi. Isolates were screened for their antifungal activities against brown spot fungus for further studying plant growth promoting, biochemical and morphological attributes. Isolates, CVO-7 and NBRI-O-2 showed efficient antifungal activity against test organism and also showed some plant growth promoting attributes that can further reduce the virulence of C. miyabeanus by enhancing availability of essential and trace elements for the plant. Both the isolates were characterized at a molecular level by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and sequences of 16S rDNA segment were submitted to the NCBI GenBank database with the accession numbers OR775577 (Bacillus subtilis ss5cvo7) and OR775572 (Bacillus proteolyticus ss2nbrio2).\u0000","PeriodicalId":10786,"journal":{"name":"Crop research","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141366834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of nitrogen and sulphur application on the growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L.) ","authors":"B. K, C. Kalaiyarasan, S. Kandasamy, S. Madhavan, S. Jawahar","doi":"10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-972","url":null,"abstract":"The domestic demand for vegetable oils and fats has been rising rapidly, @ 6 per cent per annum, but our domestic output has been increasing at just about 2 per cent per annum. In India, the average yield of most oilseeds is extremely low as compared to other countries of the world. Therefore, field experiments were conducted at an experimental farm, Annamalai University during the Kharif season in 2022 and 2023 to study the effect of nitrogen and sulphur on the growth and yield of groundnut. The experiment consisted of sixteen treatments and was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The treatment consisted of Factor A (nitrogen levels): 0, 17, 25, 34 Kg N/ha and Factor B (sulphur levels): 0, 20, 40, 60 Kg S/ha. Among the different nitrogen levels tried, application of 34 kg N/ha registered higher growth and yield attributes and yield of groundnut. Regarding sulphur levels, maximum growth, yield attributes and yield of groundnut were influenced by the application of sulphur @ 60 kg/ha (S4). With respect to various interaction effects, the application of 34 kg N/ha along with 60 kg S/ha has a significant effect on growth and yield attributes which ultimately results in the maximum yield of groundnut.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10786,"journal":{"name":"Crop research","volume":" 30","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141370167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of power plant fly ash on heavy metal accumulation in the environment, crop root, shoot, endosperm and crop yield","authors":"Biswajit Paul, Sancharini Sen, Palash Pan, Nandan Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-963","url":null,"abstract":"The disposal of fly ash from coal-fired power stations poses significant environmental challenges, particularly near thermal power plants like the Kolaghat Thermal Power Station in West Bengal, India. Therefore, a study was conducted in 2022 – 2023 at the Department of Zoology, PanskuraBanamali College, West Bengal to study the impact of fly ash contamination on soil, water, and crops within a 5km radius of the plant. Heavy metals such as Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, and Mn were analysedthrough AAS in soil, water, shoot, root, and rice endosperm.The bioabsorption coefficient, bioconcentration factor, and translocation factor for heavy metalbioaccumulation were examined. The impact of different concentrations of fly ash on crop yield was determined by measuring the mean shoot length, mean seed stalk length, mean number of seeds per stalk, and mean dry weight of endosperm per stalk.The study revealed the highest heavy metal concentrations in soil, with Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb being the most abundant. Plants exhibited hyper-accumulation of Cu, Zn, and Mn, while Pb and Fe showed moderate translocation. Rice grown with fly ash showed optimal growth at 1% concentration, similar to 5%, but higher concentrations reduced yield. Future research should focus on plant metal absorption, phytoremediation, and bioremediation for effective mitigation of fly ash contamination, emphasizing thorough investigations.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10786,"journal":{"name":"Crop research","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141369182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of nitrate reductase activity and nitrogen content in foliar tissues of wheat variety PBW-343 under oil refinery effluent irrigation ​","authors":"Sushila Sangwan, Suraj Kala, Satish Kumar, Sarita, Rajesh Dhankhar","doi":"10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2454-1761.2024.cr-973","url":null,"abstract":"A rapid expansion in fresh water requirement for crops which require plenty amount of water along with industrial and household demand, is becoming a key concern. To overcome this constraint, work has been done on recycling and utilization of certain industrial effluent for agricultural use. In this sequence a study was conducted to analyse the effects of oil refinery on nitrate reductase activity and nitrogen contents in foliar parts of wheat variety PBW-343 about irrigation with refinery effluent at various dilutions. For this study, pot culture experiments of wheat crop variety PBW-343 were conducted in three replicates of every treatment. To analyse the response of nitrate reductase activity and nitrogen contents in wheat, five treatments with different concentrations of refinery effluent i.e., control, 25, 50, 75 and 100% were made with control water. It was observed that during the vegetative and post-vegetative growth phases, there was an increase in nitrate reductase activity and nitrogen contents in the foliar parts of the crop with an increase in concentration of effluent in irrigating water. The irrigating water with undiluted effluent had the least favourable impacts on nitrate reductase activity and nitrogen contents compared to the control water. The plants grown under seventy-five percent concentrated effluent had the most favourable impact on nitrate reductase activity and nitrogen contents in the foliar parts of this crop variety in all growth phases.","PeriodicalId":10786,"journal":{"name":"Crop research","volume":" 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141369067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}