{"title":"Civility","authors":"Deborah S. Mower","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv80cbjr.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv80cbjr.5","url":null,"abstract":"The practice of civility can help diverse groups of people develop a deeper understanding of one another’s beliefs, values, opinions, and perspectives, which can reduce the likelihood of misunderstanding, stereotyping, disputes, and conflict. For example, the intentional practice of “civil discourse” is often used to help people work together to solve a problem, make a decision, execute a project, or resolve a conflict. Civil discourse is also used to expose shared values among individuals and groups with seemingly incompatible beliefs or worldviews.","PeriodicalId":107237,"journal":{"name":"International Encyclopedia of Ethics","volume":"51 Pt 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126238380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Late Modern British Ethics","authors":"Bart Schultz","doi":"10.1002/9781444367072.WBIEE583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444367072.WBIEE583","url":null,"abstract":"Covering the period from the end of the Scottish Enlightenment to the early twentieth century, late modern British ethics was a cosmopolitan affair, a virtual European Union of the marketplace of ideas. But it was also largely a debate over utilitarianism, the view that the ultimate normative standard is the greatest happiness (see Utilitarianism). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000metaethics; \u0000normative ethics","PeriodicalId":107237,"journal":{"name":"International Encyclopedia of Ethics","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133421934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Genetically Modified Organisms","authors":"J. Lamont, J. Lacey","doi":"10.1002/9781444367072.WBIEE101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444367072.WBIEE101","url":null,"abstract":"A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic characteristics have been changed through the insertion of a modified gene or of a gene from another organism, or through the elimination of a gene. These genetic engineering techniques, also known as “recombinant DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid] technology,” aim to introduce a new property into an existing organism's genome for some human purpose (see Biotechnology). The genes inserted to create GMOs may include modified gene sequences from within the same species or from sexually compatible species (intragenic GMOs), or they may be sourced from distinct species (transgenic GMOs). Some examples of GMOs include transgenic microbes used to produce insulin for treatment of diabetes, transgenic plants created in order to resist pests or to provide greater nutritional value, and genetically modified viruses that deliver disease-curing genes into human cells. Genetic engineering has also produced transgenic fish with growth-enhancing properties, and even ornamental transgenic fish with fluorescent color. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000benefit-cost analysis; \u0000biodiversity; \u0000bioethics; \u0000intellectual property; \u0000risk","PeriodicalId":107237,"journal":{"name":"International Encyclopedia of Ethics","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123486162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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