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Introduction: The American Occupation Of Iraq By 2006 And The Search For A New Strategy Timothy Andrews Sayle And Hal Brands 《2006年美国占领伊拉克和寻找新战略》蒂莫西·安德鲁斯·塞尔和哈尔·布兰兹著
The Last Card Pub Date : 2019-09-15 DOI: 10.7591/9781501715204-002
T. Sayle, H. Brands
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引用次数: 0
Frontmatter
The Last Card Pub Date : 2019-09-15 DOI: 10.1515/9781501715204-fm
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引用次数: 0
Together Forward? 在一起?
The Last Card Pub Date : 2019-09-15 DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501715181.003.0004
{"title":"Together Forward?","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501715181.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501715181.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines debates over US policy in the summer of 2006, focusing particularly on the unhappy results of military efforts to tamp down violence in Baghdad. Two major military operations—Operations Together Forward I and II—were launched, intended, as the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Peter Pace, recalled, to “begin the process of turning over the battlefield responsibilities to the Iraqi armed forces.” Both were clear disappointments, however, revealing how unprepared Iraqi forces were to assume responsibility for their country's security. Iraqi forces themselves were, in the words of the National Security Council's Meghan O'Sullivan, “perpetuating acts of sectarian violence” and were “as much part of the problem as they are a solution to the problem.” Throughout the summer, NSC staff thus sought to press the Iraq country team for a review of Iraq strategy, and pushed the president to ask General George Casey, commander of Multi-National Force Iraq (MNF-I), harder questions about where the current approach was leading. However, MNF-I and the US Embassy in Iraq continued to champion existing plans, believing that the existing strategy merely required more time.","PeriodicalId":106766,"journal":{"name":"The Last Card","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124783768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Silos and Stovepipes 筒仓和烟囱
The Last Card Pub Date : 2019-09-15 DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501715181.003.0005
{"title":"Silos and Stovepipes","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501715181.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501715181.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses how, by late August and into the early fall of 2006, the internal impetus for change was growing stronger across the government. The core premises of the National Strategy for Victory in Iraq (NSVI) were no longer tenable. These officials also worried that Washington had only limited time to make a course correction before the violence in Iraq spiraled out of control. The chapter then details a low-profile but intensive effort by National Security Council (NSC) staff to review US options. Some officials believed it was necessary to increase US forces in Iraq as part of an overall change in strategy. Whether or not any such forces were available was another question entirely, and so the NSC staff undertook a clandestine effort within the US bureaucracy to calculate just how many additional troops might be available. It was a remarkable aspect of the Iraq strategy debate that so little of these policy discussions leaked to the public, or were even known to those involved in parallel strategy reviews.","PeriodicalId":106766,"journal":{"name":"The Last Card","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127439267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Bush Administration’s Decision to Surge in Iraq 布什政府向伊拉克增兵的决定
The Last Card Pub Date : 2019-09-15 DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501715181.003.0016
R. Immerman
{"title":"The Bush Administration’s Decision to Surge in Iraq","authors":"R. Immerman","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501715181.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501715181.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues—using the Eisenhower administration as a model of peacetime national security decision making—that the surge decision-making process displayed by the oral histories was idiosyncratic, excessively compartmentalized, and profoundly flawed. No president since Dwight D. Eisenhower has fully adopted his model, and each has tailored procedures appropriate for his needs. The Bush process had to take into account his lack of expertise in military affairs, an increasingly polarized political climate, the legacy of the Vietnam War, the proliferation of leaks of sensitive information in the new media age, the resistance of the uniformed military leadership, and most important, Rumsfeld. Administration insiders argue that for these reasons Bush jettisoned fundamental tenets of Eisenhower's system in an effort to make a virtue out of necessity. Yet the evidence suggests that Eisenhower's best practices are just that—best practices. It further suggests that their rigorous application would have benefited Bush's process by expediting the instigation of a comprehensive review, co-opting opponents of a change in strategy, mitigating politicization, facilitating the exchange of information and advice, and accelerating implementation.","PeriodicalId":106766,"journal":{"name":"The Last Card","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126795771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Contributors 贡献者
The Last Card Pub Date : 2019-09-15 DOI: 10.1515/9781501715204-023
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引用次数: 0
16. The President As Policy Entrepreneur: George W. Bush And The 2006 Iraq Strategy Review 16. 作为政策企业家的总统:乔治·w·布什和2006年伊拉克战略评估
The Last Card Pub Date : 2019-09-15 DOI: 10.7591/9781501715204-018
C. Dueck
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引用次数: 0
Index 指数
The Last Card Pub Date : 2019-09-15 DOI: 10.7591/9781501715204-024
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引用次数: 0
What Kind of Surge? 什么样的激增?
The Last Card Pub Date : 2019-09-15 DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501715181.003.0009
{"title":"What Kind of Surge?","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501715181.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501715181.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses how, even by late December of 2006, just what the surge would mean in terms of the number and timing of troop deployments remained uncertain. It describes the trip by the new secretary of defense, Robert Gates, to Iraq, his recommendations regarding the surge, and the deliberations by the president and his advisors as to just what means would be available for a new American strategy. By January, however, as Bush publicly announced the change of direction, he had made the crucial decisions to adopt a new counterinsurgency strategy, which included committing up to five brigades, enlarging the overall size of the Army and Marine Corps, and appointing a new country team for Iraq—David Petraeus as commander, Multi-National Force Iraq (MNF-I), and Ryan Crocker as ambassador. Moreover, the president had largely unified the executive branch—which had just recently been riven by disagreement on Iraq—in support of this new strategy. By January, recalls Stephen Hadley, the president had “brought his national security team on board; he's brought his military on board; and he's got a strategy... The effect the president wanted to achieve has been achieved.” The surge had been ordered.","PeriodicalId":106766,"journal":{"name":"The Last Card","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126549939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
This Strategy Is Not Working 这种策略行不通
The Last Card Pub Date : 2019-09-15 DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501715181.003.0003
{"title":"This Strategy Is Not Working","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501715181.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501715181.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the Samarra bombing and the resulting debates over its significance. The winter and spring of 2006 was a time of conflicting signals and conflicting efforts in Washington. Some officials began to believe that the strategy in Iraq was not working. The predominant view in the intelligence community, according to David Gordon, vice chairman of the National Intelligence Council, was that “we were transitioning into something very different, that we were really transitioning from insurgency to a civil war.” Around the same time, the failings of the US mission in Iraq led a number of retired generals to publicly call for the ouster of Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. Unknown to its advocates, the public “Revolt of the Generals” actually undermined ongoing, internal efforts to replace the secretary of defense—and thus, ironically, delayed rather than accelerated a review of strategy in Iraq. Meanwhile, efforts from within government to rethink US strategy remained nascent and largely disconnected. The successful seating of the Iraqi government and a new prime minister, Nouri al-Maliki, and the success of US forces in locating and killing Sunni militant Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, undercut arguments that the war was failing, and in particular derailed efforts to kick off a major strategy review beginning with a high-level meeting at Camp David in June of 2006.","PeriodicalId":106766,"journal":{"name":"The Last Card","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130249183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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