Asian Journal of Geographical Research最新文献

{"title":"An Assessment of the Downstream Effect of Dams on Livelihood Vulnerability of Riparian Dwellers: A Case of Mukutmanipur Dam, Kangsabati River, Eastern India","authors":"Dipendu Pal, Manjari Bhattacharji","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2024/v7i2234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2024/v7i2234","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigates the downstream impacts of Mukutmanipur dam on livelihood vulnerability by using the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) based on 7 components and 26 sub-components. Stratified random sampling together with purposive sampling methods has been used to collect primary data on the components. Information on socio-demographic profile of selected 367 sample households were collected together with data on livelihood strategies, water, health, food, social networks and natural disaster status. The contributing factors (exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity) were integrated to estimate the livelihood vulnerability index using LVI-IPCC approaches. For assessing the livelihood vulnerability index, the stretch of the river channel under investigation has been divided into 24 equal segments using 25 cross sections. Morphological changes in each of these segments have been assessed and on the basis of the intensity of morphological changes the segments have been grouped into three morphological change areas i.e. high, moderate and low. Results suggest that people living in areas of the high intensity of morphological change (LVI: 0.407) are more vulnerable to livelihood uncertainties than those living in areas of moderate (LVI: 0.341) and low intensity of morphological change (LVI: 0291). This study recommends that special emphasize should be given to peoples in the vulnerable areas on the implementation of various government and non-government scheme for the betterment of their lives and livelihoods.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":"54 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141273803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site Selection for Wind Energy as an Alternative Source of Energy in Bonny, Nigeria","authors":"Jackson Kurotamuno Peace, Hart Lawrence, Benjamin Benson Eze, Brown, Ibama","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2024/v7i1207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2024/v7i1207","url":null,"abstract":"Power derived via the wind stands out as an appealing form of renewable energy due to its minimal operational, maintenance, and production expenses, coupled with its limited environmental footprint. This investigation focuses on employing geospatial methods to establish a wind farm on Bonny Island, Nigeria. The primary objectives include furnishing data and a spatial wind distribution map for Bonny Island, evaluating the significance of factors crucial for wind farm development in the area, and generating a wind energy suitability map. The study utilizes Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodologies to scrutinize five critical parameters influencing location suitability. The findings indicate that Bonny Island possesses potential for wind farm installation, with 3,549.8 hectares, 10,219.6 hectares, and 424.6 hectares categorized as highly suitable, suitable, and unsuitable, respectively. Moreover, wind speed, land use/land cover, distance from the road, distance from the river, and land slope each carry a substantial priority weight of 50%, 25%, 10%, 10%, and 5%, respectively. These weights contribute to the creation of a wind energy suitability map for the study area. This research recommends amongst other things the investment and installation of a wind energy farm in Bonny Island, owing to the comparative advantage over other sources of energy in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139389195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perception of Adaptation Strategies to Climate Variability in Machakos County, Kenya","authors":"Joseph Ndolo Henry, James B. Koske","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i4205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i4205","url":null,"abstract":"The study was designed to assess climate variability trends on rainfall and temperature data between 1990 and 2020, analyse community perception to climate variability, evaluate adaptation strategies and their effectiveness and examined the challenges of adaptation to climate variability. Farmers were randomly selected and questionnaires administered, while focused group discussions were conducted to obtain farmer’s perceptions of climate variability.  Rainfall and temperature data was statistically analysed using Mann Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator (p<0.05. The study found out there was a significant variation in the amount of annual rainfall received of (p< 0.004) (S= -53) which showed a decreasing trend, while temperature showed a warming trend of (p>0.099) (S=29). Also, farmers perceived that climate variability events were real with (71.1%) and (68.0%) noticing a change in rainfall and temperature respectively over the same period.\u0000The study established that community perceptions on rainfall and temperature trends agreed with meteorological data on observed climatic trends. Planting of drought resistant crops was most popular with (89.8%) (n=255) agreeing, while (79.2%) said it was the most effective strategy. The study found that although some farmers have adopted some adaptation strategies, they were constrained with (82.4%) agreeing that age was a great challenge to adaptation and had a moderate negative correlation with adaptation of (0.097) with labour and (25.5%) saying it was not a challenge.\u0000The study recommends farmers use the study findings on rainfall and temperature trends and data recordings on local agricultural performances to enhance their ability to adapt. To researchers and academic community the study recommends the intensification of research on ecosystem-based adaptation and the use of the results in mainstreaming policy making, planning and implementation of climate related decisions. The results reveal important knowledge that if effectively applied will inform the county government in climate management decisions and reduce farmer’s vulnerability.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":"20 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138999857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Geophysical Investigation of Leachate Formation in Mgbuka Obosi, Idemili North Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria","authors":"Obiabunmo O. C, Obiekezie T. N","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i4203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i4203","url":null,"abstract":"The contamination of leachates (a polluted liquid made up of various toxic substances) from landfills is a significant environmental concern, especially in developing countries.This contaminated fluid is formed when rainwater interacts with refuse and travels through the pore spaces in soil. Constant migration of this fluid poses a significant threat to the quality of both surface and groundwater in and close to the landfill area. To determine the extent of leachate formation, the study used both Very Low-Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and Electric Resistivity Tomography (ERT) to locate and define the spatial distribution of the leachate plume migration pathway at Mkpuka Obosi Dumpsite in Idemili North LGA of Anambra, Nigeria. Seven profiles were surveyed for both the VLF-EM and ERT. The VLF-EM survey, with a profile length of 100 to 200m and a 10m interstation spacing, revealed the presence of a conductive pollutant (leachate plume) in the subsurface. The results from the 2D ERT survey that employed a Wenner array with a profile length of 100 to 200m and an electrode spacing of 5m, divided the subsurface into six zones with an unusually low resistivity ranging from 0-250(Omega)m. The leachate plumes were interpreted as the zone with the lowest resistivity of 0 to 25(Omega)m, having an average thickness of approximately 10m and extending beyond the probed depth of 50m. Additionally, the percentage of leachate was found to be concentrated primarily at the center of the landfill and gradually decreasing proportionally from the center. Thus, emphasizing the importance of addressing the issues in landfill management.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":"80 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138586907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and Impact of Stakeholders on the Sustainable Ibadan Project's (SIP): A Case Study of Potable Water Projects in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria","authors":"Olanrewaju John A., Olabosoye Peter O., Amoo Olakunle M.","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i4201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i4201","url":null,"abstract":"The development and administration of urban infrastructure in the majority of developing nations has faced significant challenges in recent decades due to enormous urbanization. However, in light of the declining urban environment, it has frequently been questioned whether traditional urban planning techniques are still effective for improving the circumstances of the urban environment. Finding novel strategies has become essential, especially when dealing with impoverished metropolitan areas. In order to promote a participatory approach to the development and administration of the urban environment, international organizations like the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) have recently started to implement plans. The Sustainable City Programme (SCP) is one of these tactics; its goal is to give public, commercial, and community sector partners as well as municipal authorities in the city a better capacity for environmental planning and management. The Sustainable Ibadan Project (SIP), located in Ibadan, Nigeria, is one of the cities in the poor world where the program is being implemented. This study looks at the SIP's collaborative approach to managing, developing, and improving Ayeye portable water supply in Ibadan. From the research work, it was revealed that 16.6 % of the respondents indicated that nine (9) application letters for the request of water supply were received by the office of SIP and out of the nine (9) applications received in a month, only 18.5% of the respondents agreed that all the application letters were approved, the remaining 81.5% of the respondents disagreed. All the respondents (100%) agreed that physiochemical survey were needed to decide where facilities are located, 75% of the respondents agreed that water supply are adequately and spatially distributed while the remaining 25% of the respondents disagreed. Also,75% of the respondents agreed that water facility are adequately distributed, water supply are adequately maintained and regularly flushing of the water facility by geologist, community participation in water management and regular visitation of the SIP staff to the project site were highly needed. Moreover, 91.8% of the respondents agreed they have access to water facility when they are in need of it and the remaining 8.2% of the respondents disagreed, 52.6% of the respondents said they were satisfied with the conditoin of the facility and the remaining 47.4% of the respondents disagreed. Finally, 92.7% of the respondents agreed that the number of the water facilities are enough for their area and the remaining 7.3% of the respondents disagreed. Conclusively, it was revealed that regular flushing of the water facility by geologist is highly needed and community participation cannot be rule-out in maintaining the effective water facility and constant visitation of SIP staff to the site of the water facility from time to time is highly recom","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139241286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of National Parks in Conservation and Promotion of Wildlife: A Case Study of Kuno National Park, Sheopur (M.P.), India","authors":"V. Soni, Shivraj Singh Tomar, Rajkumar Singh Tomar","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i3189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i3189","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is to learn about and assess wildlife conservation, with a focus on Kuno National Park. The research also attempts to propose ideas and future perspectives for the enhancement and welfare of wildlife, notably in Kuno, by examination of primary and secondary data sources. Kuno National Park is extended in the Vindhyan hill series, and it is situated in the Sheopur district of Madhya Pradesh within the geographical extent of 76°58'37.45\" E to 77°20'7.98\" E and 25°30'50.03\" N to 26°05'23.19\" N [1]. Kuno NP covers an area of 748.761 km² made free of all human habitation through incentivized voluntary relocation of forest settlements. The Kuno NP and adjoining buffer area are part of the Kuno Wildlife Division which covers an area of 1235 km2. In this article, an attempt has been made to explore the concept of environmental protection and wildlife conservation particularly wild animals in Kuno NP. The exploitation of natural resources by humans has degraded the environment, endangered certain animal species, and damaged the ecosystem to a certain extent. Overall, the poll depicts a picture of a society that is heavily reliant on agricultural and animal husbandry for a living. Education levels are largely in the elementary to secondary school range, with some reading gaps that require addressed. The villagers' economic situation is defined by a considerable fraction falling within the middle-income bracket.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122167005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing Measures of Aboveground Biomass Parameters of Irvingia gaboneensis (Bush Mango) and Rainforest in Isoko Region, Nigeria","authors":"O. Eloho, Ndakara, Ofudjaye Emmanuel","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i3190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i3190","url":null,"abstract":"This research characterised measures of aboveground biomass of isolated Irvingia gaboneensis stands within Isoko South Local Government Area’s rainforest, Nigeria. The design of the study was based on quasi experimental approach. The region was divided into 10 based on the existing major communities using stratified sampling technique. From each community, an isolated I. gaboneensis stand was chosen while the adjacent mature rainforest served as control thus, gave a total of 20 sampling sites. Data collected were tree heights (TH) and diameters at breast height (DBH) which were easily obtained through quadrant (10metre x 10metre) approach. Measurement and methods of trigonometry were employed in the determination of TH, while measurement using tape was employed to measure the tree DBH. The data were analysed with the use of graphs, mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), t-test and regression statistics. Findings showed that: The mean, SD and CV for the TH were 28.57m, 2.08m, 7.28% for the stands of I. gaboneensis; and 34.50m, 1.17m, 3.39% for adjacent rainforest trees (ART). The mean, SD and CV values for tree DBH were 0.43m, 0.02m, 4.65% for the stands of I.  gaboneensis; and 0.73m, 0.01m, 1.37% for the ART. With t-value and p-value of 6.9810 and 0.0000 for TH; 11.9940 and 0.0000 for DBH, the differences in the aboveground biomass parameters between I. gaboneensis and ART are significant at 95% alpha level. Height of I. gaboneensis correlated weakly with DBH; while the relationship between TH and DBH is not significant at 95% alpha level, for I. gaboneensis and RF. The aboveground parameters of the standing I. gaboneensis shows that it supports effective productivity and functioning of the RF ecosystem thus, its conservation is necessary.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121224464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of Peri-Urban Land Use Structure in the Period 2000-2022 in Ilorin, Nigeria","authors":"John Olayemi Afolayan, M. Adebayo","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i3188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i3188","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To analyze the trend of peri-urban spatial growth structure between 2000 and 2022 in a rapidly urbanizing peri-urban area in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. \u0000Study Design:  Longitudinal survey research. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Eyenkorin, Kwara State 2022. \u0000Methodology: The spatial data was obtained from the Google Earth Engine Data Catalog, and machine learning algorithm was used to extract and classify three main land uses. Quantitative data was also simulated with the use of the Transitional Matrix that looked at the most likely path taken by the growth structure as it transitioned from one land use to another. The spatial growth structure was examined on a 12-year interval of 2000 – 2011; 2011 – 2022 and 2000 – 2022. \u0000Results: The study revealed that the present spatial structure of Eyenkorin (as at 2022) is majorly dominated by vegetation land/agricultural land Area 71.81 km2 (37.1%), followed by built-up land 79.77 km2 (33.4%) and bare land/ natural land 63.42 km2 (27.5%). The study revealed that the most dominant transition in the growth structure within the study time frame (2000 – 2022) is the built-up land which increased by 44.29 km2 (160.94%) and the most dominant loss is from vegetation land/agriculture land which decreased by 75.09 km2 (-48.49%). \u0000Conclusion: The findings of the study attests to the vulnerability of the non-built up land (agricultural land and bare land) that metamorphose into built-up land at the peripherals. In the next few years, it can be predicted that excessive unguided land development would have caught-up completely with the peripheral lands at the detriment of placing more need on the preservation of the environment. Government in developing countries should have a concrete development plan that actively controls the unhabitual expansion at the peripherals if sustainable land use and management will be achieved at the Peri-Urban.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128809271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Urban Expansion and Its Landscape Responses with Long-Term Landsat Data in Guangzhou, China","authors":"Youjun Chen, Shixiao Yu","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i3187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i3187","url":null,"abstract":"Quantifying the spatio-temporal pattern of urban expansion is essential to understanding the ecological consequences of urbanization and supporting optimal urban management strategies. As one of the most developed regions in China, Guangzhou has experienced rapid urban expansion over the past decades. However, little is known about the detailed process of urban expansion across long-term periods. Combining remote sensing data with GIS techniques, we attempted to quantify the spatio-temporal pattern of urban expansion in Guangzhou. We mapped the urban landscape in Guangzhou using Landsat images between 1973 and 2017. The urban land developed and change process was also examined, including urban expansion direction, urban expansion types, and landscape responses to urban expansion. The results showed that the building nearly increased by 90-fold from 1973 to 2017, and over half of the newly developed buildings mainly came from farmland. Edge expansion is the main type of urban growth. The urban trajectory shows that the expansion mainly occurred in the southwest to northeast direction. Urban growth led to radical changes in the urban landscape, leading to sharp decreases in soil and farmland. The results from this study provide key information for future planning to make eco-friendly megacities as well as sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123202645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study of Land Use and Gully Erosion in Nekede Community, Owerri West, Imo State, Nigeria Using the GIS","authors":"Femi Martins Durumbah Obi, Enyinnaya Ejenma, Olufemi Falana","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i3186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i3186","url":null,"abstract":"Land use and gully erosion incidence in Nekede community, Owerri Imo state was studied using some digital tools of the GIS and remote sensing. The Nigeria sat. 2 imagery sourced from the National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) was acquired from the Landsat ETM sensor with a resolution of 30m. Landsat TM and ETM data obtained had cloud cover of less than 20%. The images were geo-referenced to a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid using the software to allow compatibility and comparison with other data sets. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 30m DEM of the study area was downloaded from the CIAT-CSI SRTM website. These data were projected to the UTM coordinates system and clipped to the extent of the study area. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was equally used to show some details since a ratio of red and near infra-red bands from a remotely-sensed image-greenness can be defined. Results are that the colour differences found in a large part of the south-west indicated built-up but were much earlier in time covered by dense forest cover which the inhabitants cleared in the process of urbanization and agricultural activities exposing the fragile soil to heavy rainfall and concentrated run off. The high speed of the surface runoff leads to rapid washing away of the soil and weakening the soil strata bringing in effect gullies. Land use zoning using digital GIS and remote sensing models in monitoring land use/cover changes following existing master plans was among others recommended.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130353835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}