The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science最新文献

Poliheuristic Theory in Strategic Interactions 战略互动中的多元启发式理论

The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.10

Eldad Tal-Shir, A. Mintz

引用次数: 0

What Leaders Are Like and Their Effect on Decision-Making 领导者是什么样的以及他们对决策的影响

The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.13

M. Hermann

{"title":"What Leaders Are Like and Their Effect on Decision-Making","authors":"M. Hermann","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.13","url":null,"abstract":"Because it remains difficult to gain access to political leaders—particularly those at the national level, researchers wishing to study them as individuals have had to become innovative. Such innovations include the development of psychobiography; structured, focused comparative case studies; personality assessment-at-a-distance; and the simulation of policymaking via experiments. With each, researchers have tried to become more systematic and objective in how they study leaders and what leaders are like. In applying these analysis-at-a-distance techniques, researchers have discovered a number of characteristics that appear to shape how political leaders engage in decision-making and the nature of their decisions. These characteristics cover the four elements of personality: cognition, motivation, traits (in this case, leadership style and its components), and reactions to the context (both immediately through emotions and in the long term through political experience). This chapter gives import to the individual level of analysis in understanding policymaking and the policymaking process as well as poses ways of opening up the “black box” to do so, both critical components of behavioral political science.","PeriodicalId":106674,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science","volume":"224 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122486263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Personality and Ideology 个性与意识形态

The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science Pub Date : 2021-08-11 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.35

D. Osborne, Nicole Satherley, C. Sibley

{"title":"Personality and Ideology","authors":"D. Osborne, Nicole Satherley, C. Sibley","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.35","url":null,"abstract":"Research since the 1990s reveals that openness to experience—a personality trait that captures interest in novelty, creativity, unconventionalism, and open-mindedness—correlates negatively with political conservatism. This chapter summarizes this vast literature by meta-analyzing 232 unique samples (N = 575,691) that examine the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and conservatism. The results reveal that the negative relationship between openness to experience and conservatism (r = −.145) is nearly twice as big as the next strongest correlation between personality and ideology (namely, conscientiousness and conservatism; r = .076). The associations between personality traits and conservatism were, however, substantively larger in Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) countries than in non-WEIRD countries. The chapter concludes by reviewing recent longitudinal work demonstrating that openness to experience and conservatism are non-causally related. Collectively, the chapter shows that openness to experience is by far the strongest (negative) correlate of conservatism but that there is little evidence that this association is causal.","PeriodicalId":106674,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131918199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Forecasting Political Events 预测政治事件

The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.16

Michael C. Horowitz

引用次数: 1

Natural Language Processing for Innovating Behavioral Political Science Research 创新行为政治学研究的自然语言处理

The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science Pub Date : 2020-12-15 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.33

Quan Li

引用次数: 0

Predicting Elections 预测选举

The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science Pub Date : 2018-10-09 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.24

H. Norpoth

引用次数: 13

Twin Studies and Politics 双胞胎研究与政治

The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science Pub Date : 2018-07-10 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.12

L. Littvay

{"title":"Twin Studies and Politics","authors":"L. Littvay","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.12","url":null,"abstract":"As recently as 2005, John Alford and colleagues surprised political science with their twin study that found empirical evidence of the genetic transmission of political attitudes and behaviors. Reactions in the field were mixed, but one thing is for sure: it is not time to mourn the social part of the social sciences. Genetics is not the deterministic mechanism that social scientists often assume it to be. No specific part of DNA is responsible for anything but minute, indirect effects on political orientations. Genes express themselves differently in different contexts, suggesting that the political phenomenon behavioral political scientists take for granted may be quite volatile; hence, the impact of genetics is also much less stable in its foundations than initially assumed. Twin studies can offer a unique and powerful avenue to study these behavioral processes as they are more powerful than cross-sectional (or even longitudinal) studies not only for understanding heritability but also for asserting the direction of causation, the social (and, of course, genetic) pathways that explain how political phenomena are related to each other. This chapter aims to take the reader through this journey that political science has gone through over the past decade and a half and point to the synergies behavioral political science and behavioral genetics offer to the advancement of the discipline.","PeriodicalId":106674,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133399987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Role Theory in Politics and International Relations 政治与国际关系中的角色理论

The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science Pub Date : 2018-07-10 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190634131.013.29

Marijke Breuning

{"title":"Role Theory in Politics and International Relations","authors":"Marijke Breuning","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190634131.013.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190634131.013.29","url":null,"abstract":"Role theory scholarship in politics and international relations (IR) seeks to understand decision-making from the perspective of the decision maker. That said, role theory scholarship has evolved over time. It has moved from an initial emphasis on the structural and institutional constraints that affect human behavior to a greater emphasis on the agency of human beings. In the past decade, role theory has re-emerged as an approach to the study of politics and IR. This new generation of scholarship places its emphasis on decision makers (or agents) while acknowledging that they are embedded in institutions (or structures). As such, role theory accepts the foundational characteristics of behavioral IR—which demands attention for the cognitive limitations of human decision makers, as well as their limited capacity to process information, and the various biases and heuristics that affect their reasoning. Role theory posits that theoretical models must simultaneously take into account the state’s material capabilities and the perceptions of decision makers, who bring their own biases and ideas (or maybe ideals) to the task of shaping foreign policy. Role theory enables scholars to model ideational factors alongside material ones and, in doing so, to improve understanding of the foreign policy decision-making of a wide range of states, including small(er) states, new states, and emerging powers.","PeriodicalId":106674,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127218355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Metaphors and Analogies as Heuristics in Policymaking 隐喻和类比在决策中的启发作用

The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science Pub Date : 2018-07-10 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.34

Qingmin Zhang

引用次数: 0

Prospect Theory and Political Decision-Making 前景理论与政治决策

The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science Pub Date : 2018-07-10 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.31

J. Stein, Lior Sheffer

{"title":"Prospect Theory and Political Decision-Making","authors":"J. Stein, Lior Sheffer","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.31","url":null,"abstract":"Prospect theory has been adopted unevenly across different domains of political decision-making. Research drawing on prospect theory has contributed to important advances in the understanding of processes of elite decision-making in foreign policy and domestic politics. Political scientists have also contributed several important extensions of and qualifications to prospect theory that augment the original theoretical framework and are applicable in other disciplines. The next wave of research needs to be far more careful in specifying the scope conditions that have been the focus of research in behavioral economics. Scholars will also have to pay closer attention to the distribution of probability estimates across options; whether political decision makers are choosing among risky/certain bimodal distributions, high-probability distributions, high/low distributions, or low-probability distributions matters to the predicted impact of framing effects. Finally, studies will need to pay greater attention to the information political decision makers are given and to the impact of group dynamics in political settings. Identifying the scope conditions of prospect theory in the context of political and policymaking processes over time can make a significant contribution to the explanation of both domestic and foreign policy decisions, fill a gap between individual-level choice and institutionally based outcomes, and provide a stronger behavioral foundation for understanding the dynamics of multiactor policy choice.","PeriodicalId":106674,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124220869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1