Compendium of Oral Science最新文献_第3页

Knowledge, Attitude, and Perceived Harm of e-Cigarette Use Behaviour among Medical and Dental Undergraduate Students in UiTM 南京医科大学医学与牙科本科学生电子烟使用行为的知识、态度与感知危害

Compendium of Oral Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.24191/cos.v9i2.19235

MF Mahamad Sobri, A. Azlan, NF Md. Bohari, Nawwal Alwani Mohd Radzi, NN Bakri

{"title":"Knowledge, Attitude, and Perceived Harm of e-Cigarette Use Behaviour among Medical and Dental Undergraduate Students in UiTM","authors":"MF Mahamad Sobri, A. Azlan, NF Md. Bohari, Nawwal Alwani Mohd Radzi, NN Bakri","doi":"10.24191/cos.v9i2.19235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/cos.v9i2.19235","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Healthcare professionals have a prominent role to play in addressing the tobacco epidemic and the rapid increase of e-cigarette use in the population. The growing interest of electronic cigarettes has led to a broad debate whether e-cigarettes can be used as a harm reduction tool towards smoking. Objectives: This study aims to explore the knowledge, attitude, and perceived harm of vaping behaviour among medical and dental undergraduate students in UiTM. Methods: A questionnaire-based survey was administered using Google Form to all participants. Demographics and data from four domains of knowledge, attitude towards vaping behaviour, mass media exposure of e-cigarettes and perception of health-related risks of vaping were collected. Results: Data were obtained from 309 undergraduates with a mean age of 20.6 (SD ± 1.60). The majority of them have never smoked (96.1%) or used e-cigarettes (99.0%). Nine in 10 believe they play a role in their patient’s smoking cessation therapy in the future (91.3%). Slightly more than half (62.1%) have poor knowledge of e-cigarette, less favourable attitude towards vaping (50.8%) and perceived e-cigarettes to be less harmful (56.0%). The majority of them also claimed high exposure towards e-cigarette marketing from the mass media (85.1%). Conclusion: UiTM medical and dental undergraduates have less favourable attitudes towards e-cigarettes but lacked knowledge on the issue. They also perceived the e-cigarettes to be less harmful to health compared to conventional cigarettes. This points out the urgent need to further educate health professionals and also to provide clear guidelines at every level to regulate vaping behaviour among the population.","PeriodicalId":10525,"journal":{"name":"Compendium of Oral Science","volume":"221 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77551253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Therapeutic Potential of Plant Extraction in Oral Health - A Systematic Review 植物提取物在口腔健康中的治疗潜力——系统综述

Compendium of Oral Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.24191/cos.v9i2.19237

F. Mohd Fauzi, AM Mischon, N. M. Mohamad Zain, IH Baharuddin

{"title":"The Therapeutic Potential of Plant Extraction in Oral Health - A Systematic Review","authors":"F. Mohd Fauzi, AM Mischon, N. M. Mohamad Zain, IH Baharuddin","doi":"10.24191/cos.v9i2.19237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/cos.v9i2.19237","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the therapeutic potential of plant extract against oral microorganisms in published literature. Material and Method: A systematic literature review was performed through electronic databases (Scopus, EBSCO: Dentistry and Oral Science Source) from January 2009 till December 2019 with the search terms (“extract” AND (“ORAL MICROORGANISM” OR “ORAL BACTERIA”) AND (“stem” OR “Bark” OR “Leaf”)). Results: Out of 409 articles, 21 articles met our inclusion criteria that were subjected to data extraction and review. The data disclosed antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of plant extracts against causative microorganisms of caries, periodontitis, endodontic infection, and fungal infection. Ethanol was the most common solvent used for plant extraction. The antimicrobial test was reported in all studies using different methodologies such as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), disk diffusion method, agar well method, intracanal irrigation, and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) . None of the plant extract tested showed significant toxicity in five studies that conducted toxicity assays. Conclusion: A positive correlation was observed between plant extract and antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms. In that context, integrating plant extract in oral healthcare products could be an option to enhance effective antimicrobial control. However, further clinical studies are required to provide clinical evidence to support these observations.","PeriodicalId":10525,"journal":{"name":"Compendium of Oral Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84891202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

In-vitro Comparison of Antibacterial Activities on Stingless Bee Propolis using Selected Extraction Methods 不同提取方法对无刺蜂胶抑菌活性的体外比较

Compendium of Oral Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.24191/cos.v9i2.19230

Ohh Al-Masoodi, HB Said Gulam Khan, IH Baharuddin, IH Ismail

{"title":"In-vitro Comparison of Antibacterial Activities on Stingless Bee Propolis using Selected Extraction Methods","authors":"Ohh Al-Masoodi, HB Said Gulam Khan, IH Baharuddin, IH Ismail","doi":"10.24191/cos.v9i2.19230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/cos.v9i2.19230","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to compare the different selected extraction methods of propolis extracts against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). Extraction of Malaysian Propolis (MP) from Heterotrigona itama, was carried out using 70% ethanol. For the selected extraction processes, such as, centrifugation-assisted extraction (CAE), vacuum-assisted extraction (VAE), and shaking-assisted extraction (SAE) methods were used. Antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis was assessed using the antibacterial susceptibility test (AST). The results showed that SAE, followed by CAE, had better antimicrobial properties as compared to those obtained by VAE. The inhibition zones for SAE, CAE, and VAE were 5.3mm, 4.67mm, and 4.16mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for extracted MP by SAE were 12.5 and 25 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, non-setting calcium hydroxide’s [Ca(OH)2] MIC and MBC were determined to be 50 and 100 mg/mL, respectively. As a result, we believe that extraction of raw MP from Heterotrigona itama using the SAE method was more effective than Ca(OH)2 against E. faecalis.","PeriodicalId":10525,"journal":{"name":"Compendium of Oral Science","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77931869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Formulation & Evaluation of Myrrh Toothpaste 没药牙膏的配方及评价

Compendium of Oral Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.24191/cos.v9i2.19227

NH Abd Majid, RS Abdul Rahim, LT Younis, MI Abu Hassan

{"title":"Formulation & Evaluation of Myrrh Toothpaste","authors":"NH Abd Majid, RS Abdul Rahim, LT Younis, MI Abu Hassan","doi":"10.24191/cos.v9i2.19227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/cos.v9i2.19227","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To formulate and measure the cytotoxicity level of organic myrrh toothpaste. Materials and Methods: Myrrh extract was prepared by the freeze drying process. Toothpaste was formulated by mixing specified amounts of myrrh extract, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) polymer, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), mint, and sucralose with deionized distilled water. MTT test was performed using concentrations of 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/ml to assess the effect of myrrh paste on the gingival fibroblasts viability at intervals of 24 and 48hrs. The results were analysed by using SPSS version 27. Results: The formulated myrrh toothpaste has a homogeneous consistency as the extracted myrrh successfully dissolved completely with the other components. Cell viability test showed that myrrh paste concentrations of 100 - 300mg/ml were effective in maintaining the rate of fibroblasts growth after 24 and 48 hours as compared to the control samples. Cell growth rate was suppressed in the test samples treated with paste concentration of 400mg/ml. The results of the study imply that 300mg/ml is the safe and optimal concentration for fibroblasts growth, whereas concentrations ≥ 400mg/ml are intolerable and might be suppressing the proliferation of fibroblasts. Conclusion: Myrrh toothpaste concentration at 300mg/ml is the safe and optimal concentration for fibroblasts growth as depicted in the results, suggesting that at the optimal formulation, myrrh extract may not be toxic to the soft tissues and myrrh toothpaste may be useful for oral health care. Further clinical investigations are recommended to obtain the clinical efficacy data of the organic myrrh toothpaste.","PeriodicalId":10525,"journal":{"name":"Compendium of Oral Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85327490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Occlusal Considerations and Multidisciplinary Approach in the Rehabilitation of Generalised Tooth Surface Loss 全身性牙面缺损修复的咬合考虑和多学科方法

Compendium of Oral Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.24191/cos.v9i2.19238

Eleena Mohd Yusof

引用次数: 0

Self-Reported Prevalence of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis among UiTM Dental Students UiTM牙科学生口疮性口腔炎复发的自我报告患病率

Compendium of Oral Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.24191/cos.v9i2.19233

WN Wan Ahmad Kamil, IQ Amirham, M. Omar, M. Zainal

{"title":"Self-Reported Prevalence of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis among UiTM Dental Students","authors":"WN Wan Ahmad Kamil, IQ Amirham, M. Omar, M. Zainal","doi":"10.24191/cos.v9i2.19233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/cos.v9i2.19233","url":null,"abstract":"Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common mucosal disease characterized by multiple recurrent, small, round, or oval ulcers with circumscribed margins, erythematous haloes, and yellow grey base. Although the exact etiology is unknown, various factors can trigger RAS development. Objectives: This study aims to determine the prevalence of self-reported RAS and to evaluate the associated risk factors of RAS among dental students. Material and methods: A set of validated questionnaires was distributed among the dental students in the Faculty of Dentistry, UiTM. The questionnaire comprises socio-demographic characteristics, nature of ulcers, risk factors, and treatment modalities. Data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed using Chi-square statistical test SPSS version 27. Results: A total of 299 dental students participated in the questionnaire survey. The prevalence of RAS among dental students was 90.3 %. There was no significant relationship between the socio-demographic background of participants with self-reported RAS. The most common site affected was the buccal mucosa 64.1%, followed by the lips 55.2%. Risk factors frequently associated with RAS are injury (trauma) and stress 47.8% and 28.1%, respectively. Most dental students (69.3%) do not get any treatment to treat their ulcers, and only 1.5% seek treatment from the dentist. Conclusions: This study highlights the high prevalence of self-reported RAS among dental students and common risk factors reported associated with the occurrence of RAS. Therefore, this data assists the clinician in identifying common associated risk factors of RAS and subsequently improve management and efficient therapeutics.","PeriodicalId":10525,"journal":{"name":"Compendium of Oral Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90845576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Holdaway Soft Tissue Cephalometric Standard for Malay Adults 马来成人霍德威软组织头颅测量标准

Compendium of Oral Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.24191/cos.v9i2.19231

IY Noviaranny, NK Hissam, Pua Abu Bakar

{"title":"Holdaway Soft Tissue Cephalometric Standard for Malay Adults","authors":"IY Noviaranny, NK Hissam, Pua Abu Bakar","doi":"10.24191/cos.v9i2.19231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/cos.v9i2.19231","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The aim of this study were: 1. To report facial soft tissue measurements in Class I Malay adult, 2. To compare between gender, 3. And to check applicability of Holdaway values for Class I Malay adults. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalometric of 20 men and 20 women age 20-30 years with Class I skeletal was selected from Orthodontic Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry UiTM. The subject has no orthodontic or orthognathic surgery done before the radiograph was taken. The radiograph was traced and evaluated by the authors. Cephalometric landmarks were located according to Holdaway analysis. Ten linear and two angular measurements were produced on each radiograph and measured. For each variable, the mean and standard deviation (SD) was calculated using simple t-test (p<0.05). Results: Soft tissue measurements for Malay have significant difference as compared to Holdaway value except for three parameters which are soft tissue facial angle, superior sulcus depth, and soft tissue chin thickness. When compared between genders, male has larger value in skeletal profile convexity, upper lip strain and soft tissue thickness while females demonstrated higher value in nose prominence and superior sulcus depth. Conclusions: It has been concluded that Malay values for Holdaway soft tissue analysis were found to be statistically different. Hence Holdaway soft tissue values are not applicable for use in orthodontic practice for Malay population. Further research to confirm values obtained for Malay population would aid in better diagnosis and treatment planning.","PeriodicalId":10525,"journal":{"name":"Compendium of Oral Science","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78972245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Shape Visualization of Dental Inclination in Class I and Bimaxillary Protrusion Malocclusions through Geometric Morphometric Analysis 基于几何形态计量学分析的ⅰ类和双颌前突错颌牙倾斜形态可视化

Compendium of Oral Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.24191/cos.v9i2.19236

Siti Balqish Oon, Aspalilah Alias, Sarah Haniza, Abdul Ghani, Noraina Hafizan

{"title":"Shape Visualization of Dental Inclination in Class I and Bimaxillary Protrusion Malocclusions through Geometric Morphometric Analysis","authors":"Siti Balqish Oon, Aspalilah Alias, Sarah Haniza, Abdul Ghani, Noraina Hafizan","doi":"10.24191/cos.v9i2.19236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/cos.v9i2.19236","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This study aimed to determine the shape of dental inclination between Class I malocclusion and bimaxillary protrusive Malay patients using geometric morphometric analysis obtained from lateral cephalometric radiographs. Materials and Methods: 128 Malay patients who met the inclusion criteria were recruited; of which 64 patients were in Class I malocclusion and another 64 patients in bimaxillary protrusion groups. Samples were in the age range of 18 to 40 years old, with a gender distribution of 41 males and 87 females. Pre-treatment orthodontic lateral cephalometric radiograph were traced and digitized. Thirteen landmarks of each radiograph were incorporated and converted into coordinates using TPSUtil software. The plots were then exported to MorphoJ Software for multiple Geometric Morphometric Analysis (GMA). Results: The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.01) in shape of dental inclination between the groups. Discriminant analysis and cross validation of these groups demonstrated 98% accuracy in identifying two types of dental malocclusion. The grid graphs illustrated the shape of dental inclination of the bimaxillary protrusion group as being significantly more proclined when compared to Class I malocclusion. Conclusion: This study concludes that the dissimilarities in dental inclination are identifiable in Class I malocclusion and bimaxillary protrusion and the shape differences can be visualized using geometric morphometric analysis.","PeriodicalId":10525,"journal":{"name":"Compendium of Oral Science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89487052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fructus mume Aqueous Extract's Antibacterial Effect on Multi-species Biofilm 乌梅水提物对多种生物膜的抑菌作用

Compendium of Oral Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.24191/cos.v9i2.19225

Aaeid Ayoub, G. Cheung

{"title":"Fructus mume Aqueous Extract's Antibacterial Effect on Multi-species Biofilm","authors":"Aaeid Ayoub, G. Cheung","doi":"10.24191/cos.v9i2.19225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/cos.v9i2.19225","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of several irrigants and an aqueous extract of Fructus mume in eradicating three kinds of biofilm. Materials and Methods: A three-species biofilm of E. faecalis, P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum were cultivated for one week on Thermanox™ plates. Each specimen was immersed for 8 minutes in various irrigants: Fructus mume solution, buffered citric acid, sodium hypochlorite and control (non-irrigated). LIVE/DEAD® BacLightTM staining and confocal light scanning microscopy were used to determine the number of viable bacteria left on the substrate. The same biofilm was then extracted and subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Images were taken at 12 locations across the biofilm, which were then classified into four areas of concern: Bottom, which would spend the most of the experiment submerged in the solution; It was struck in the centre by the stream of irrigant.; Middle and Upper, where the impression was caused by the irrigant splattering or vaporizing. Results of the amount of viable bacteria residual indicated that Fructus mume showed no significant activity, with an effect like control and even buffered citric acid, and significantly inferior to sodium hypochlorite. Conclusion: Sodium hypochlorite (0.5%) solution was greater to buffered citric acid, Fructus mume and control group as an antimicrobial agent against three-species biofilm.","PeriodicalId":10525,"journal":{"name":"Compendium of Oral Science","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88359318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Effect of Different Milk Products on Enamel Hardness: An In Vitro Study 不同乳制品对牙釉质硬度影响的体外研究

Compendium of Oral Science Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.24191/cos.v9i1.16909

HB Said Gulam Khan, NI Mohd Sarmin, MF Zahid, N. Hashim

{"title":"The Effect of Different Milk Products on Enamel Hardness: An In Vitro Study","authors":"HB Said Gulam Khan, NI Mohd Sarmin, MF Zahid, N. Hashim","doi":"10.24191/cos.v9i1.16909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/cos.v9i1.16909","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: An in vitro study to assess the effect of different milk products on the hardness of enamel surfaces. Materials and Methods: Extracted primary and permanent teeth incisors (15 deciduous and 15 permanent) were collected and cleaned. The extracted teeth were then divided randomly into five groups (n=6 per group): G1- distilled water (control); G2- fresh milk (cow milk); G3- chocolate flavoured milk; G4- orange flavoured cultured milk; G5 - fruit lassi milk. The 10 days immersion cycles for the test products were performed thrice daily and were interspersed with exposure of the artificial saliva. Measurement of microhardness on the enamel surface microhardness measurement were performed at baseline, 5- and 10- day of experimentation using Vickers hardness test machine. The pH of each milk products was also assessed. The data were evaluated with repeated measures ANOVA test. Results: Group 4 had significant reduction in microhardness (p<0.05) compared to the control group while Group 1 showed significant reduction (p<0.05) in microhardness compared to all tested samples for day 5 and day 10. While for intergroup comparison, there was no difference in group 3 and group 2. However, there were significant difference between group 4 and group 5 with all other groups on day 10 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Fresh milk showed to be more effective in increasing the enamel microhardness meanwhile orange culture milk has the highest reduction of enamel surface hardness. Thus, we suggest that milk product with low pH has high tendency in enamel erosion.","PeriodicalId":10525,"journal":{"name":"Compendium of Oral Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80244774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0