{"title":"Failure of Impact Damaged Foam Core Sandwich Beams","authors":"S. Hallström, A. Shipsha, D. Zenkert","doi":"10.1115/imece2000-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The scope of this paper is to investigate the structural integrity of sandwich beams subjected to various load cases after local impact. The studied impact damages can be characterised as core indentation and face/core interface damage while the faces are virtually unaffected by the impact. At subsequent loading different types of post impact failure occur, depending on the size of the impact damages and the applied load.\u0000 Sandwich beams are impacted using two different impact energies and the resulting damage is inspected and measured. The measurements are used to characterise the damage and as input for analytical and finite element models in order to predict post impact failure in various load cases. The impact damages are modelled as face/core interface cracks but the approach is found to be too rough to achieve full agreement with experiments. It is concluded that the damaged face/core interface is not entirely separated but some bridging remains between the surfaces.","PeriodicalId":104214,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Sandwich Structures","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116189558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of Core on Face/Core Debond Toughness","authors":"Gilmer M. Viana Camps, L. Carlsson, Xiaoming Li","doi":"10.1115/imece2000-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The influence of mechanical properties and fracture toughness of the core on debond fracture toughness of foam core sandwich has been examined. It was found that the fracture toughness for debonding was larger than the core toughness. The observed difference between core fracture toughness and face/core debonding toughness was analyzed using plastic zone size and mode mixity arguments. The difference in toughness can not be explained by plastic zone size and mode mixity effects. It is possible that the core displays a gradient in properties and fracture resistance, and anisotropic behavior which might explain the difference in toughness.","PeriodicalId":104214,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Sandwich Structures","volume":"573 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133834804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Interfacial Delaminations in Curved Sandwich Beams","authors":"Andrew M. Layne, L. Carlsson","doi":"10.1115/imece2000-2030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The influence of face/core debonding on the structural integrity of curved sandwich beams subjected to opening bending moments has been examined experimentally. The sandwich beams consisted of glass/polyester faces over a PVC H30 foam core. Debonds of various sizes were implanted by inserting thin teflon sheets at the outer face/core interface in the curved region of the beam prior to processing. A test fixture for flexure testing of curved sandwich beams was designed and manufactured, and evaluated using homogeneous isotropic beams. The surface strains at the middle of the curve were recorded to examine the response. Buckling of the debonded face sheet occurred followed by face/core propagation of the debond. Strength reduction of the beams under opening moments due to face/core debonding was substantial.","PeriodicalId":104214,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Sandwich Structures","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128297837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sandwich Structures for Naval Ships: Design and Experience","authors":"K. Olsson","doi":"10.1115/imece2000-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In Sweden we have a long experience with different types of vehicles and ships in sandwich construction, especially Navy ships such as minesweepers, mine-counter-measure-vessels and corvettes. GRP (Glass fibre Reinforced Plastic) and FRP (Fibre Reinforced Plastics) have been the most common face materials, but metallic materials such as Al-alloys, coated carbon steel and stainless steel have also been used. Core materials have usually been cellular plastic foams of cross-linked PVC (Polyvinyl-chloride), but also extruded PS (Poly-styrene), PUR (Poly-urethane), PEI (Poly-ether-imide) and PMI (Poly-methacryl-imide). Different continuous and discontinuous manufacturing processes have been used. Vacuum assisted infusion has been introduced recently, because it is a closed process, gives high fibre content and a good quality of the laminates. Sandwich design has mainly been used in the transportation area, where lightweight design is needed to give higher performance and load bearing capacity. The use of sandwich construction will give high stiffness- and strength-to weight ratio. This is usually not enough from an economic point of view to justify the introduction of sandwich construction, but other integrated functions must be considered, i.e. insulation, energy consumption, damping, fewer components, lower manufacturing costs, low maintenance, signature effects (military) etc.","PeriodicalId":104214,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Sandwich Structures","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126190431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Behavior of Unidirectional Sandwich Panels With a Bi-Linear “Soft” Core: High Order Approach","authors":"H. Schwarts-Givli, Y. Frostig","doi":"10.1115/imece2000-2041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A closed-form high-order theory for the analysis of a sandwich panel with a core made of a material characterized by a bi-linear constitutive relation is presented. The non-linearities in the core are a result of bi-linear constitutive relations of the shear and vertical normal stresses. The governing equations are non-linear in the longitudinal and in the vertical coordinates in general. The solution procedure adopted is an iterative one along with convergence criteria. The numerical examples include two types of core material behaviors; where the first one deals with a bi-linear constitutive relation for the shear stress only; and the second one with a bi-linear constitutive relation for vertical normal stresses only. The results demonstrate the relaxation of the stress concentration involves as the load level increase beyond the yielding level as the secant modulus decrease. In the sequel, a summary and conclusions are presented.","PeriodicalId":104214,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Sandwich Structures","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125233391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparative Study of Two Different Conceptual Design Principles for Non-Circular Pressurized Sandwich Fuselage Sections Using a High-Order Sandwich Theory Formulation","authors":"O. Thomsen, J. Vinson","doi":"10.1115/imece2000-2033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2033","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Results obtained as part of a design study regarding a non-circular pressurized sandwich fuselage section are presented. The originating problem is associated with preliminary studies for the “Global Range Transport” envisaged by the “New World Vistas” program of the United States Air Force. The modeling and analysis is conducted using a high-order sandwich theory formulation in which the elastic response of each face laminate is accounted for, including bending-stretching coupling and transverse shear deformations, and where the transverse flexibility of the core is included. The sandwich fuselage envisaged may contain flat, tapered and curved sandwich elements, and a high-order sandwich theory formulation is developed to analyze each of these configurations. The paper includes a brief presentation of the adopted high-order sandwich theory with special emphasis on the application for the analysis of sandwich panels with variable core thickness, and for the analysis of curved sandwich panels. Numerical results obtained for two different mid-plane asymmetric fuselage sections are presented and compared; one with constant core thickness, and one with varying core thickness.","PeriodicalId":104214,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Sandwich Structures","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132384596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Real Time Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Failure Mode Selection in Sandwich Structures","authors":"L. Xu, A. Rosakis","doi":"10.1115/imece2000-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Past studies of dynamic failure in sandwich structures have mostly been concerned with post-mortem investigations of failure patterns resulting from the dynamic loading of such structures through projectile impact. The final fracture patterns have typically been very complex and their time sequence, interdependence, and detailed nature (opening versus shear) were unclear. In the present work we concentrated on the real-time investigation of the generation and the subsequent evolution of dynamic failure that occurred within microseconds after impact. Model sandwich structures involving a combination of transparent polymers and metals (typically tri-layers bonded together by weak or strong adhesives) were designed and subjected to impact loadings to study the failure evolution mechanism. High-speed photography and dynamic photoelasticity were utilized to study the nature and the sequence of failure modes. A series of complex failure modes was observed. In most cases, interfacial cracks (dynamic delamination) appeared first. These cracks were shear dominated and were often intersonic. Thus, initial delamination was found to be shear driven and happen at extremely short time scales even at moderate impact speeds ranging between 20 to 50 m/s. The transition behavior between interlayer crack growth and intralayer crack formation was also observed. Opening (subsonic) intralayer cracks kinking from the dynamic shear delamination propagated into the core layer of the model sandwich structure and eventually branched as they reached a high enough growth speed.","PeriodicalId":104214,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Sandwich Structures","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133988995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Failure Behavior of Closed Cell Foams","authors":"R. M. Christensen, S. Deteresa","doi":"10.1115/imece2000-2029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A two-parameter theory of failure is developed for materials for which the uniaxial compressive stress failure magnitude is less than that for uniaxial tension. The theory is compared with data for a closed cell foam material under combined shear and normal stresses. Although the theory shows the correct general behavior, it probably omits certain finer scale features seen in the data. A more refined theory is now being developed, along with further experimental data.","PeriodicalId":104214,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Sandwich Structures","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125633532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-Order Analysis of Unidirectional Sandwich Panels With Flat and Generally Piecewise Curved Faces and a “Soft” Core","authors":"Oded Rabinovich, Y. Frostig","doi":"10.1115/imece2000-2037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2037","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The bending behavior of a unidirectional sandwich panel with flat and generally piecewise curved faces and a flexible core in the vertical direction is investigated. The studied panels consist of an upper flat face sheet, a core of a variable thickness, and a lower face sheet that can take any geometrical layout described by a piecewise analytical function. The core is assumed to be a two-dimensional elastic medium with vertical and shear rigidities only, and the faces are considered to have membrane and bending rigidities and are made of metallic or composite materials. The field equations and the boundary conditions are rigorously derived using the variational principle of virtual work. The continuity conditions between the various regions of the generally piecewise curved face are presented. Higher order effects in the form of nonlinear deformation distributions through the thickness due to flexibility of the core are incorporated in the proposed analysis. Numerical results in terms of deformations, stresses, and stress resultants are presented for some typical cases of piecewise flat-curved panels. The results demonstrate the capabilities and generality of the proposed model, especially in the ability to predict the high-order localized effects and the high stress concentrations that characterize these panels.","PeriodicalId":104214,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Sandwich Structures","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132090415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Asymptotic Solution for the Response of Face-Sheet Delaminations/Debonds Under Compression","authors":"G. Kardomateas, Haiying Huang","doi":"10.1115/imece2000-2031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The buckling and initial postbuckling behavior of face-sheet delaminations or face-sheet/core debonds is studied by a perturbation procedure. The procedure is based on the nonlinear beam equation with transverse shear included, and an asymptotic expansion of the load and deformation quantities. First the characteristic equation for the critical load is formulated and this is a nonlinear algebraic equation. Subsequently, the first order load is found from a system of linear equations and the initial postbuckling behavior can thus be studied. The procedure can be easily expanded to the higher order terms. The effect of transverse shear is illustrated with results on the critical strain and the initial postbuckling displacement.","PeriodicalId":104214,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Sandwich Structures","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128891819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}