Clinical Pharmacology : Advances and Applications最新文献

{"title":"Protocol for a Prospective, Multicenter Cohort Study on the Treatment of Chronic Cardiorenal Syndrome with Qishen Yiqi Dropping Pills.","authors":"Guohua Shi, Yiming Zuo, Yuxiao Cao, Lu Fan, Xuezheng Liu, Shichao Lv","doi":"10.2147/CPAA.S590664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CPAA.S590664","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic Cardiorenal Syndrome (CRS types 2/4) involves the mutual exacerbation of heart failure and chronic kidney disease, with over half of heart failure patients affected by renal impairment that increases mortality and rehospitalization. Despite advances in management, prospective evidence for Traditional Chinese Medicine in chronic CRS is lacking. Qishen Yiqi Dropping Pills (QSYQ) have proven safe in cardiovascular care, but their concurrent renoprotective effects remain unconfirmed. Based on preliminary cardiorenal protective findings, this study evaluates QSYQ combined with standard therapy on symptoms, function, biomarkers, and outcomes in chronic CRS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study. Patients will be stratified into two groups based on whether or not they receive QSYQ treatment: an \"Exposure Group\" (standard background pharmacotherapy plus QSYQ; n=60) and a \"Non-exposure Group\" (standard background pharmacotherapy alone; n=60). The study duration is 270 days, with the exposure period set to the initial 90 days. Follow-up assessments will be conducted at baseline, and on days 90, 120, 180, and 270. The primary outcome measure is the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Secondary outcome measures include the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), C-reactive protein (CRP), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), major adverse renal and cardiovascular events (MARCE), the Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ), and the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ). Throughout the entire study period, adverse events will be recorded to facilitate safety assessments.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study will comprehensively assess QSYQ's clinical utility for chronic CRS, evaluating functional capacity, quality of life, biomarkers, and long-term outcomes to provide prospective evidence for integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine into chronic CRS management.</p>","PeriodicalId":10406,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology : Advances and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"590664"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13094570/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147764637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Pain in Elderly Patients: Pathophysiology, Pharmacologic and Non-Pharmacologic Therapies, and Interventional Management.","authors":"Ankur Jain, Eliot Sadik, Alejandra Cardenas-Rojas, Krithika Mahesh, Preston Ooi, Vahid Grami, Paul Christo","doi":"10.2147/CPAA.S506172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CPAA.S506172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Chronic pain is a debilitating condition faced among the geriatric population, contributing to reduced mobility, impaired daily function, and increased dependence on healthcare services. This review explores the current landscape of chronic pain in the elderly, providing a comprehensive overview of treatment options, with the goal of exploring more effective, individualized care.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>This narrative review draws on a range of studies and clinical publications accessible through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The literature reviewed includes research on the underlying mechanisms, diagnostic challenges, and treatment strategies for chronic pain in older adults. Clinical relevance and practical approaches were explored, where risks and benefits of pharmacologic, non-pharmacologic, and interventional therapies were explored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Chronic pain in the elderly is often undertreated, likely due to unaccounted comorbidities and age-related changes in drug metabolism. While acetaminophen remains the recommended first-line agent, the use of NSAIDs and opioids in this population carries significant risks and demands careful consideration. Adjuvant medications such as SNRIs and gabapentinoids offer additional options for neuropathic pain, but may require dose adjustments or close adverse effect monitoring. Non-pharmacologic interventions-such as physical therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy- often are underutilized despite a strong safety profile and evidence of benefit. In cases refractory to conservative measures, interventional procedures including epidural steroid injections, radiofrequency ablation, and spinal cord stimulation may offer meaningful relief for select patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Managing chronic pain in older adults requires a thoughtful, individualized approach that balances effectiveness with safety. As the population ages, there is a growing need for more inclusive research, better integration of non-drug therapies, and greater access to interdisciplinary care. Tailoring treatment to individual goals can help improve outcomes and preserve independence and function in this vulnerable group.</p>","PeriodicalId":10406,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology : Advances and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"506172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13070327/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147670997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Hydrogels in Pain Management Application: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Yusra Soorya, Bushirat A Abubakar, Zack Karzoun, William Brandt, Omar Viswanath, Brian E Bernhardt, Sahar Shekoohi, Alan D Kaye","doi":"10.2147/CPAA.S577931","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CPAA.S577931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogels are widely used in clinical medicine for drug delivery and tissue repair; however, they exhibit limited mechanical strength, suboptimal degradation profiles, and variable biocompatibility. In order to address inherent shortcomings in conventional hydrogels, hybrid hydrogels were engineered by incorporating nanoparticles, bioactive materials, and polymer networks. This review explores the use of hybrid hydrogels in pain management, specifically emphasizing their localized and sustained drug delivery, their modulation of inflammation, and their regenerative effects on tissue. Hybrid hydrogels allow for targeted delivery of analgesics, NSAIDs, and biologics to localized tissues therefore reducing systemic exposure and toxicity. Their tunable release makes them responsive to physiological cues like body pH, temperature, and enzymatic activity which makes them tailored to the environment they are in. In addition to their multifunctional pharmacological application, hybrid hydrogels exhibit regenerative properties that can be used to repair tissues in a safe and effective manner. Despite the advantages of hybrid hydrogels, there are limitations in their biodegradation variability, potential cytotoxicity, and reproducibility for regulation into clinical use. Current and continued research is needed to optimize hybrid hydrogel formulations to address these limitations while maintaining the many benefits they provide. In conclusion, hybrid hydrogels are a promising medium for pain management by integrating advantageous aspects of conventional hydrogels while incorporating localized drug delivery, anti-inflammatory therapy, and regenerative capabilities, however, further research is needed to validate its adoption into clinical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":10406,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology : Advances and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"577931"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004123/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147497653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Montelukast and Delirium Risk During Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Stay: Findings from a Cohort Study.","authors":"Alaa Almagthali, Khalid Al Sulaiman, Samiah Alsohimi, Kholoud Al Aamer, Alaa Naser Kurdi, Alwaleed Nasser Al Qurashi, Nawaf Shalih Alqahtani, Aljoharah Khaled Alqub, Waad A Alnami, Abdullah M Alhammad, Fatimah Abudayah, Ohoud Aljuhani","doi":"10.2147/CPAA.S586979","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CPAA.S586979","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Delirium is a frequent complication in critically ill patients and is associated with increased mortality, prolonged hospitalization, and long-term cognitive impairment. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist commonly used in respiratory diseases, has been associated with neuropsychiatric adverse effects, including delirium. Evidence regarding its safety in critically ill adults is limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between montelukast use during ICU stay and the development of delirium and further evaluate its safety in the ICU.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study was conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Saudi Arabia, between January 2018 and December 2021. Adult critically ill patients (18-79 years) who were admitted to ICUs for respiratory symptoms and categorized based on montelukast exposure during ICU stay. The primary outcome was assessing the incidence of delirium during ICU stay. Secondary outcomes included delirium duration, recurrence of delirium, delirium-free days, ventilator-free days, length of stay (LOS), safety outcomes (liver and kidney injury), 30-day and in-hospital mortality. Propensity score (PS) matching with a 1:4 ratio was performed to minimize baseline differences between the groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 1590 screened patients, 1469 were included, and 44 received montelukast during ICU stay. After PS matching (1:4), montelukast use was associated with a significantly higher incidence of delirium (OR 4.66, 95% CI 1.63 to 13.34; <i>P</i> < 0.004). Among patients who developed delirium, mixed delirium was the most frequent subtype in the montelukast group (50% vs 12.5% in controls). There were no notable differences found in terms of delirium-free days, recurrence of delirium, liver or kidney injury, length of stay, ventilator-free days, or overall mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study demonstrates an association between montelukast use during ICU admission and a higher incidence of delirium. Prospective randomized studies are needed to confirm these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":10406,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology : Advances and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"586979"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13003959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147497696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing the Efficacy and Potential Risks of Nitrous Oxide for Pain Management During Labor: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Nikhita Kichili, Morgan K Brown, Devon S Armer, Sydney A Mashaw, Sonja A Gennuso, Shahab Ahmadzadeh, Sahar Shekoohi, Alan D Kaye","doi":"10.2147/CPAA.S577932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CPAA.S577932","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrous oxide has been used worldwide for labor analgesia for over a century. It offers a non-invasive, rapidly acting, and self-administered option for pain and anxiety management. The present investigation examines efficacy, safety, and limitations of nitrous oxide when compared to other labor analgesic modalities, including epidural anesthesia, intravenous opioids, and non-pharmacologic methods. Pharmacologically, nitrous oxide has both analgesic and anxiolytic effects via NMDA receptor inhibition, opioid receptor activation, and GABA-A modulation. While it can be less effective than epidurals in producing complete analgesia, studies demonstrate moderate pain relief, high maternal satisfaction, and preserved mobility. Safety considerations include common, mild adverse effects such as nausea, dizziness, and vomiting, with rare risks of hypoxia, especially when combined with other sedatives or in vitamin B12-deficient patients. Fetal exposure occurs via placental transfer, but it is rapidly cleared, with no consistent evidence of significant neonatal harm. In this regard, data on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes is limited. Comparative studies suggest that nitrous oxide's efficacy is like certain opioids but inferior to epidural analgesia, and it offers both patient autonomy and ease of administration. Barriers that prevent broader adoption of nitrous include limited availability in rural settings, equipment costs, and the need for proper scavenging systems. Future research should focus on optimizing delivery systems, exploring long-term neonatal safety, and defining nitrous oxides's role in multimodal pain management. In summary, nitrous oxide represents a safe, flexible, and patient-centered analgesic option for labor, particularly for individuals who are looking for mobility, self-control, and a less invasive alternative to neuraxial anesthesia.</p>","PeriodicalId":10406,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology : Advances and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"577932"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12927741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147282570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antifibrotic Strategies Targeting Phosphodiesterase-4 in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Translation.","authors":"Quan Ma, Shixin Zhou, Xiaodong Zhi, Caifeng Luo, Zhongbo Zhu, Xuhui Zhang, Xiping Liu","doi":"10.2147/CPAA.S570975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CPAA.S570975","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease characterised by irreversible fibrosis of the lung parenchyma and a steady decline in respiratory function. Its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, and despite advances in diagnosis and disease management, therapeutic options remain limited and largely palliative. Emerging evidence suggests that phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors may represent a novel therapeutic approach in IPF through modulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent signalling pathways. Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that PDE4 inhibition can attenuate key pathological processes implicated in IPF, including macrophage-driven inflammatory responses, dysregulated epithelial repair, and fibroblast proliferation and differentiation. Through these mechanisms, PDE4 inhibitors demonstrate combined anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in experimental models of lung fibrosis. Among this class, the PDE4B-selective inhibitor nerandomilast has shown encouraging signals of efficacy in clinical trials of IPF, supporting continued investigation of subtype-selective targeting strategies. Other PDE4 inhibitors, including roflumilast, rolipram, and structurally novel derivatives such as 2-arylbenzofurans, have also demonstrated antifibrotic activity, predominantly in preclinical studies. This review synthesises current evidence on the role of PDE4 signalling in IPF pathogenesis and critically evaluates the pharmacological rationale, therapeutic potential, and translational challenges of PDE4 inhibitors in the treatment of IPF. Future perspectives, including subtype-selective inhibition and optimised drug delivery strategies, are discussed as potential avenues to improve efficacy and tolerability in this patient population.</p>","PeriodicalId":10406,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology : Advances and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"570975"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12922958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147270016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Enoxaparin Dosing in Asian Patients: The Critical Role of Age and Renal Function in Achieving Target Anti-Xa Levels.","authors":"Wenxing Peng, Shuran Yang, Ying Dai, Zinan Zhao, Bo Yang","doi":"10.2147/CPAA.S576067","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CPAA.S576067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the roles of age and renal function in optimizing enoxaparin dosage for achieving target anti-Xa levels in Asian patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 135 patients subjected to enoxaparin therapy were retrospectively enrolled. Baseline demographic characteristics, clinical indicators, and laboratory test results were collected. The distribution patterns of weight-adjusted doses and anti-Xa levels were analyzed. Dose-response curves were employed to evaluate the probability of achieving therapeutic anti-Xa levels in different age groups (<80 years vs ≥80 years) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) categories (eGFR <60 mL/min vs ≥60 mL/min).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The dose distribution revealed discrepancies between actual weight-adjusted doses and manufacturer-recommended doses in some patients. Age significantly influenced the attainment of target anti-Xa levels, whereas renal function exhibited no significant impact. Dose-response curves demonstrated that patients aged ≥80 years required lower doses to achieve 90-95% target anti-Xa levels compared to those <80 years. No significant difference was observed in target attainment between patients with eGFR <60 mL/min and those with eGFR ≥60 mL/min.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Within the range of eGFR ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m², advanced age, rather than mild-to-moderate renal impairment, emerged as the critical factor for achieving target anti-Xa levels with enoxaparin in Asian patients. Patients aged ≥80 years required lower doses compared to younger patients. These findings still need prospective validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10406,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology : Advances and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"576067"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13017182/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147572246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Danavorexton for Perioperative Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression and Sedation: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Alexia J Enache, Collin J Harris, Toluwanimi I Atewogbola, Aiden B De Witt, Shahab Ahmadzadeh, David W McGregor Jnr, Sahar Shekoohi, Alan D Kaye","doi":"10.2147/CPAA.S575330","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CPAA.S575330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) and sedation are significant perioperative complications that limit safe and effective use of opioid analgesia. Current reversal agents, such as naloxone, are effective at treating OIRD but may negatively affect pain management, leaving a critical clinical gap in perioperative pain management. The orexin system has a pivotal role in wakefulness and respiratory drive. Danavorexton is a selective orexin-2 receptor agonist that targets this system to promote arousal and respiratory function. It has emerged as a pharmacological option for OIRD and reversal for opioid sedation without compromising analgesia. Additionally, studies have shown that danavorexton can enhance tidal volume and minute ventilation in patients who are being managed with opioids. This narrative review discusses the pathophysiology of OIRD, current reversal strategies, and the emerging evidence supporting the use of Danavorexton in perioperative care. Danavorexton represents a novel and potentially transformative adjunct that could improve postoperative recovery, reduce adverse opioid-related events, and enhance patient safety in the surgical setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":10406,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology : Advances and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"575330"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12812263/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146002890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Emerging Role of Liposomal Bupivacaine in Erector Spinae Plane Blocks for Post-Operative Pain Management in Spine Surgeries: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Joseph B Delaney, Luke P Landry, Navy C Coggins, Shahab Ahmadzadeh, Shilpadevi S Patil, Bradley Dorius, Sahar Shekoohi, Alan D Kaye","doi":"10.2147/CPAA.S575987","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CPAA.S575987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postoperative pain is a common consequence of spinal operations related to tissue trauma, manipulation of neural structures, and lengthy procedures. While opioid medications are frequently used for pain control, their side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, tolerance, and dependency, have led to increased interest in multimodal analgesic techniques. This review aims to examine effectiveness and safety of liposomal bupivacaine (LB, EXPAREL) in erector spinae plane blocks (ESPB) for postoperative pain management following spinal surgery. Regional anesthesia methods, particularly ESPB, have gained attention in reducing opioid requirements. The ESPB technique involves ultrasound-guided administration of local anesthetics beneath the erector spinae muscles and above the transverse process, effectively inhibiting ventral and dorsal rami of spinal nerves. Despite its popularity for versatility and safety, the analgesic effects of ESPB with conventional local anesthetics are relatively short-lived. LB, which releases the drug gradually as liposomes are degraded, offers extended pain control. Early clinical applications in pediatric scoliosis surgery and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion have revealed that ESPB with LB adequately outperformed the control analgesic in terms of opioid consumption (30% and 50% decrease in mentioned studies) and length of stay (24%, 32%, and 12% decrease in mentioned studies). These findings indicate that LB in ESPB represents a promising strategy for enhanced perioperative pain management in spinal procedures. However, further research with larger and more diverse patient populations and outcome measurements are needed to overcome the current limitations of current research. In the present investigation, current evidence regarding the implementation of LB in ESPB during spine surgeries is summarized, focusing on safety and potential to improve patient outcomes by prolonging analgesia, minimizing opioid use, and promoting faster recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":10406,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology : Advances and Applications","volume":"17 ","pages":"339-346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12742313/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145849103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress on the Clinical Application of Remimazolam Outside the Operating Room: A Review of Pharmacological Characteristics, Clinical Effects, and Safety.","authors":"Hao Luo, Ce Zhou, YingDong Qu, Xin Kuang","doi":"10.2147/CPAA.S563154","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CPAA.S563154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Remimazolam is a novel ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine sedative, which has shown great promise in clinical scenarios such as outpatient surgeries, endoscopic examinations, intensive care units, and emergency departments due to its rapid onset, adjustable sedation level, and fast metabolic clearance. Currently, there is no consensus on the clinical application of remimazolam in non-operating room anesthesia. This article provides a comprehensive overview of its pharmacological properties and metabolic characteristics, with a particular focus on its application in special populations such as the elderly, patients with high cardiovascular risk, and children. The main purpose is to evaluate its safety and sedative effect in non-operating room settings by comparing it with traditional sedatives, and to provide insights for future research directions, thereby offering theoretical basis and practical guidance for the rational clinical application of this drug outside the operating room.</p>","PeriodicalId":10406,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology : Advances and Applications","volume":"17 ","pages":"329-337"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12720940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145818079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}