Data in SocietyPub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvmd84wn.12
A. Tear, H. Southall
{"title":"Social media data","authors":"A. Tear, H. Southall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvmd84wn.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvmd84wn.12","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing availability of huge volumes of social media ‘Big Data’ from Facebook, Flickr, Instagram, Twitter and other social network platforms, combined with the development of software designed to operate at web scale, has fuelled the growth of computational social science. Often analysed by ‘data scientists’, social media data differ substantially from the datasets officially disseminated as by-products of government-sponsored activity, such as population censuses or administrative data, which have long been analysed by professional statisticians. This chapter outlines the characteristics of social media data and identifies key data sources and methods of data capture, introducing several of the technologies used to acquire, store, query, visualise and augment social media data. Unrepresentativeness of, and lack of (geo)demographic control in, social media data are problematic for population-based research. These limitations, alongside wider epistemological and ethical concerns surrounding data validity, inadvertent co-option into research and protection of user privacy, suggest that caution should be exercised when analysing social media datasets. While care must be taken to respect personal privacy and sample assiduously, this chapter concludes that statisticians, who may be unfamiliar with some of the programmatic steps involved in accessing social media data, must play a pivotal role in analysing it.","PeriodicalId":103233,"journal":{"name":"Data in Society","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117076691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data in SocietyPub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0007
R. Carr-Hill
{"title":"Using survey data: towards valid estimates of poverty in the South","authors":"R. Carr-Hill","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"It is important to be cautious about making inferences from survey data. This chapter focuses on one very important but unexamined problem, that of the undercount of the poorest in the world. This arises both by design (excluding the homeless, those in institutions and nomadic populations) and in practice (those in fragile households, urban slums, insecure areas and servants/slaves in rich households). In developing countries, it is difficult to make inter-censal estimates because essential data like birth and death registration are not systematically collected. Donors have therefore promoted the use of international standardized household surveys. A possible alternative is Citizen surveys initiated by an Indian NGO (Pratham). Comparisons are made between citizen surveys and contemporaneous Demographic and Health Surveys in three East African countries","PeriodicalId":103233,"journal":{"name":"Data in Society","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131781483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data in SocietyPub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0003
H. Goldstein, R. Gilbert
{"title":"The creation and use of big administrative data","authors":"H. Goldstein, R. Gilbert","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"his chapter addresses data linkage which is key to using big administrative datasets to improve efficient and equitable services and policies. These benefits need to weigh against potential harms, which have mainly focussed on privacy. In this chapter we argue for the public and researchers to be alert also to other kinds of harms. These include misuses of big administrative data through poor quality data, misleading analyses, misinterpretation or misuse of findings, and restrictions limiting what questions can be asked and by whom, resulting in research not achieved and advances not made for the public benefit. Ensuring that big administrative data are validly used for public benefit requires increased transparency about who has access and whose access is denied, how data are processed, linked and analysed, and how analyses or algorithms are used in public and private services. Public benefits and especially trust require replicable analyses by many researchers not just a few data controllers. Wider use of big data will be helped by establishing a number of safe data repositories, fully accessible to researchers and their tools, and independent of the current monopolies on data processing, linkage, enhancement and uses of data.","PeriodicalId":103233,"journal":{"name":"Data in Society","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131982717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data in SocietyPub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0015
S. Lansley
{"title":"The ‘distribution question’: measuring and evaluating trends in inequality","authors":"S. Lansley","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the role played by key data sets and statistical analysis in the growing debate about inequality in the UK and elsewhere. It reviews the evidence from studies of long term trends in the share of top incomes in the UK and other countries, and the remarkable impact of the findings on the politics of the inequality debate. It shows the way the studies came to challenge key aspects of prevailing economic orthodoxy, and their profound influence on public awareness of how the economic cake is shared. It then examines the revived debate around the impact of rising inequality on economic growth and stability. Finally, it draws some lessons from the way UK official statistics on inequality have been used by government in the national debate about trends in the income gap.","PeriodicalId":103233,"journal":{"name":"Data in Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129332794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data in SocietyPub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0012
C. Beatty, S. Fothergill
{"title":"Welfare reform: national policies with local impacts","authors":"C. Beatty, S. Fothergill","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Welfare reform has been central to UK policymaking since the election of a Conservative-led government in 2010. The welfare reforms apply across the whole of the country, but their impacts vary profoundly from place to place – a consequence that government seems largely to have ignored. The measures introduced are targeted at working age people which leads to a disproportionate impact on areas with weaker local labour markets. This chapter draws on a range of official statistics, including local area claimant data, to document the financial losses in different parts of the country. It concludes that although the overall financial loss to claimants proved less than originally anticipated it remains very large, even before the implementation of Universal Credit and the post-2015 benefit changes, and that one of the main impacts of welfare reform is to hit the poorest places hardest.","PeriodicalId":103233,"journal":{"name":"Data in Society","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115849944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data in SocietyPub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0002
K. McConway
{"title":"Statistical work: the changing occupational landscape","authors":"K. McConway","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"It never was the case that only statisticians work with statistics, but the occupational landscape is becoming more and more diverse. This chapter looks at the work of statisticians and data scientists, but also at how journalists, campaigners, and academics such as economists and psychologists work with statistics, and how the resulting variety of approaches and orientations shapes the discipline of statistics and how it is seen. I consider the following questions. First, who analyses what data? In particular, how do two relatively new occupations, data scientist and data journalist, fit in? Second, who presents the results to which audiences, and in particular, how are statistical findings communicated to the general public? Third, who defines what statistical analyses are appropriate, and to what extent is the ‘replication crisis’ really a crisis for statistics? Fourth, who trains whom in working with data, and how might that depend on the influence of data science? None of these questions have straightforward answers. There have been and continue to be changes in all of them. They all involve people who would not be described, by themselves or others, as ‘statisticians’.","PeriodicalId":103233,"journal":{"name":"Data in Society","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114906619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data in SocietyPub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0008
Brad K. Blitz, A. D'Angelo, E. Kofman
{"title":"Counting the population in need of international protection globally","authors":"Brad K. Blitz, A. D'Angelo, E. Kofman","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Different international and regional agencies count the number of persons crossing borders and internally displaced within states worldwide. Boosted in particular by conflicts in the Middle East, the number of refugees has grown to 15.1 million in 2015 and people of concern to 63.5 million. States have also sought to reduce the number recognised as Convention refugees (as defined in 1951) and are seeking to reinterpret their obligations and introducing limitations on those to be protected. The quality of data used to advance UNHCR programmes varies from one category of protected person to another, thus raising important questions for the management and delivery of protection-related services. Moreover, data are not disaggregated by age and gender, and in spite of greater efforts at multilateral cooperation, these datasets do not cover the same populations as those produced by other agencies. This chapter reviews the coverage of people of concern in the UNHCR’s guidelines and identifies gaps in the datasets used by UN and multilateral agencies tasked with the protection of refugees, IDPs and other people of concern. It suggests that these datasets need to be broadened to include other categories of vulnerable individuals and groups and that further disaggregation is needed.","PeriodicalId":103233,"journal":{"name":"Data in Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128602621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data in SocietyPub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0025
K. Bloor
{"title":"Lyme disease politics and evidence‑based policy making in the UK","authors":"K. Bloor","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447348214.003.0025","url":null,"abstract":"There are few ‘accepted’ approaches to dealing with tick- borne infections (including Lyme disease) that have not been challenged. This case study looks at my role in UK Lyme patient’s activism and policy change (for example, related to the NICE clinical guidelines process) focussing on one specific policy issue. It shows how critical analysis of scientific, clinical and other real- world evidence drew on and reflected the ethos of the Radstats network. It is a story showing how I worked with others with statistical skills - using science and evidence to challenge policy successfully. It explains how communities can take action, while using or creating scientific knowledge - to improve policy and people’s health. It shows how networks of communities can engage through social change (based on an understanding of policy and science) to make it more socially relevant and responsive, as well as more scientifically robust.","PeriodicalId":103233,"journal":{"name":"Data in Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127053882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data in SocietyPub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.2307/J.CTVMD84WN.38
N. Dados, James Goodman, Keiko Yasukawa
{"title":"Counting the uncounted: contestations over casualisation data in Australian universities","authors":"N. Dados, James Goodman, Keiko Yasukawa","doi":"10.2307/J.CTVMD84WN.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/J.CTVMD84WN.38","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, insecure work in universities in many countries has grown exponentially, alongside the rapid marketization of higher education. Reflecting the neoliberal ideal of a flexible workforce, research and teaching at universities is routinely carried out by precariously-employed academics. In Australia, for instance, the bulk of university teaching is now carried out by hourly-paid employees. This structural dependence on precarious academics poses a reputational problem for universities, and universities respond by obfuscating the statistical evidence. We present a case study of tracking down the level of this phenomenon in Australian higher education. The academics’ trade union and allies have used the university-level figures to challenge the advance of academic job insecurity, and are now highlighting the incidence of precarious academic employment nationally. Our own work has highlighted the multiple and conflicting figures being reported by universities, and the systematic underestimation of the actual rate of insecure jobs reported by government departments. We question these unreliable estimates, examples of neoliberalism’s ‘funny numbers’, and develop alternative data and arguments Thereby, we aim to reveal the impact of casualisation and enable critical evaluation of trends in the higher education sector, so as to restore industrial justice.","PeriodicalId":103233,"journal":{"name":"Data in Society","volume":"14 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117314903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data in SocietyPub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvmd84wn.22
C. Deeming, R. Johnston
{"title":"From ‘welfare’ to ‘workfare’, and back again?","authors":"C. Deeming, R. Johnston","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvmd84wn.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvmd84wn.22","url":null,"abstract":"All of the advanced societies must provide their citizens with protection against risk in order to secure continued economic and political stability. In Britain, we have seen major welfare reforms and shifts in public opinion towards the role of the state in providing social security, while in other advanced nations support for social protection still commands popular support. In this chapter we consider theories of the policymaking processes and changing public attitudes towards unemployment protection in the ‘welfare’ state, drawing on national and comparative social survey data spanning more than three decades for the analyses.","PeriodicalId":103233,"journal":{"name":"Data in Society","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132917798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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