Ciba Foundation symposium最新文献_第3页

Integrated management of plant viral diseases. 植物病毒性病害综合治理。

Ciba Foundation symposium Pub Date : 2007-09-28 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514474.CH9

Anupam Varma

{"title":"Integrated management of plant viral diseases.","authors":"Anupam Varma","doi":"10.1002/9780470514474.CH9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470514474.CH9","url":null,"abstract":"Viral diseases of plants cause enormous economic losses particularly in the tropics and semitropics which provide ideal conditions for the perpetuation of viruses and their vectors. Intensive agricultural practices necessitated by the ever-increasing demands of the rapidly growing population and the introduction of new genotypes, cropping patterns and crops have further aggravated the problem of viral diseases. Many diverse approaches have been tried to minimize the losses caused by these diseases. The approaches are mainly based on avoidance of sources of infection; avoidance or control of vectors; modification of cultural practices; use of resistant varieties obtained though conventional breeding procedures; cross protection; systemic acquired resistance; and use of transgenic plants containing alien genes that impart resistance to viruses. Although the use of resistant varieties has been found to be the most economical and practical, for effective management of viral diseases an integrated approach is essential in sustainable agriculture. Development of integrated management practices also requires correct identification of the causative viruses, because symptoms can be misleading, and adequate understanding of the ecology of viruses and their vectors.","PeriodicalId":10218,"journal":{"name":"Ciba Foundation symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73706173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Design and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. 抗菌肽的设计与合成。

Ciba Foundation symposium Pub Date : 2007-09-28 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514658.CH2

R. B. Merrifield, E. Merrifield, P. Juvvadi, D. Andreu, H. G. Boman

{"title":"Design and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides.","authors":"R. B. Merrifield, E. Merrifield, P. Juvvadi, D. Andreu, H. G. Boman","doi":"10.1002/9780470514658.CH2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470514658.CH2","url":null,"abstract":"The cecropins are a group of potent antimicrobial peptides, initially discovered in insects but later found in other animals including mammals. Synthetic peptide chemistry has played an important role in establishing their primary sequences, as well as the steps in the processing of the biosynthetic preprocecropins. Solid-phase peptide synthesis has been the method of choice. Synthetic chimeric peptides have led to more active products and a better understanding of their mode of action. The structural requirements for high activity include a basic amphipathic N-terminus, a short central flexible sequence and a hydrophobic helical C-terminus. Cecropin-melittin hybrids as small as 15 residues are highly active. In planar lipid bilayers the cecropins form pores which pass ions and carry a current under a voltage gradient. Synthetic D-enantiomers of several antibacterial peptides carry the same current as the natural all-L-peptides and are equally active against several test bacteria. Therefore, the activity is not dependent on chiral interactions between the peptides and the lipid bilayers or the bacterial membranes. Recent examination of retro and retroenantio peptides has further defined the limits of the structural requirements of these peptides. Some of the hybrid peptides are active against Plasmodium falciparum and Mycobacterium smegmatis.","PeriodicalId":10218,"journal":{"name":"Ciba Foundation symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82306174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 45

Leukosialin, a major sialoglycoprotein defining leucocyte differentiation. 白细胞素，一种决定白细胞分化的主要唾液糖蛋白。

Ciba Foundation symposium Pub Date : 2007-09-28 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513828.CH15

M. Fukuda

引用次数: 1

Structure, crystal chemistry and density of enamel apatites. 釉质磷灰石的结构、晶体化学和密度。

Ciba Foundation symposium Pub Date : 2007-09-28 DOI: 10.1002/9780470515303.CH5

J. Elliott

{"title":"Structure, crystal chemistry and density of enamel apatites.","authors":"J. Elliott","doi":"10.1002/9780470515303.CH5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470515303.CH5","url":null,"abstract":"The apatitic calcium phosphate crystals in dental enamel are too small for single crystal diffraction studies so the only possible direct structure determination must use whole-pattern-fitting Rietveld analysis of X-ray and neutron powder diffraction patterns. As a result, aspects of the structure are not known in detail. Further structural information can be obtained by consideration of published chemical analyses and infrared studies, taking into account studies of the crystal chemistry of synthetic apatitic analogues of enamel apatite. The apatitic constitutional water and total water content of enamel are particularly important, but there are difficulties in their determination. Making reasonable assumptions, a number of models of the unit cell can be derived. The weight per cent (including constitutional water) and density of the enamel apatite crystals for the most probable model are about 98 wt.% and 3.0 g cm-3, respectively. The apatite volume per cent calculated from these values is about 96%. The weight per cent and volume per cent of enamel apatite are higher than normally accepted values because of inclusion of constitutional water and use of a density for enamel apatite that takes into account its known lattice expansion over hydroxyapatite and probable lattice vacancies.","PeriodicalId":10218,"journal":{"name":"Ciba Foundation symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88452146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 101

Retroviral infection and haemopoiesis. 逆转录病毒感染和造血。

Ciba Foundation symposium Pub Date : 2007-09-28 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513880.CH12

J. Groopman

引用次数: 3

Hyperthermophiles in the history of life. 生命历史上的超级嗜热生物。

Ciba Foundation symposium Pub Date : 2007-09-28 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514986.CH1

K. Stetter

{"title":"Hyperthermophiles in the history of life.","authors":"K. Stetter","doi":"10.1002/9780470514986.CH1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470514986.CH1","url":null,"abstract":"Prokaryotes requiring extremely high growth temperatures (optimum 80-110 degrees C) have recently been isolated from water-containing terrestrial, subterranean and submarine high temperature environments. These hyperthermophiles consist of primary producers and consumers of organic matter, forming unique high temperature ecosystems. Surprisingly, within the 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic tree, hyperthermophiles occupy all the shortest and deepest branches closest to the root. Therefore, they appear to be the most primitive extant organisms. Most of them (the primary producers) are able to grow chemolithoautotrophically, using CO2 as sole carbon source and inorganic energy sources, suggesting a hyperthermophilic autotrophic common ancestor. They gain energy from various kinds of respiration. Molecular hydrogen and reduced sulfur compounds serve as electron donors while CO2, oxidized sulfur compounds, NO3- and O2 (only rarely) serve as electron acceptors. Growth demands of hyperthermophiles fit the scenario of a hot volcanism-dominated primitive Earth. Similar anaerobic chemolithoautotrophic hyperthermophiles, completely independent of a sun, could even exist on other planets provided that active volcanism and liquid water were present.","PeriodicalId":10218,"journal":{"name":"Ciba Foundation symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91356319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 29

Ethnobotany and research on medicinal plants in India. 印度民族植物学与药用植物研究。

Ciba Foundation symposium Pub Date : 2007-09-28 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514634.CH11

S. Jain

{"title":"Ethnobotany and research on medicinal plants in India.","authors":"S. Jain","doi":"10.1002/9780470514634.CH11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470514634.CH11","url":null,"abstract":"Vast ethnobotanical knowledge exists in India from ancient time. Since the 1950s the study of ethnobotany has intensified; 10 books and 300 papers have been published. Our work over four decades, both in the field and literary studies, has resulted in a dictionary of Indian folk-medicine and ethnobotany that includes 2532 plants. India has about 45,000 plant species; medicinal properties have been assigned to several thousand. About 2000 figure frequently in the literature; indigenous systems commonly employ 500. Despite early (4500-1500 BC) origins and a long history of usage, in the last two centuries Ayurveda has received little official support and hence less attention from good medical practitioners and researchers. Much work is now being done on the botany, pharmacognosy, chemistry, pharmacology and biotechnology of herbal drugs. The value of ethnomedicine has been realized; work is being done on psychoactive plants, household remedies and plants sold by street drug vendors. Statistical methods are being used to assess the credibility of claims. Some recent work in drug development relates to species of Commiphora (used as a hypolipidaemic agent), Picrorhiza (which is hepatoprotective), Bacopa (used as a brain tonic), Curcuma (antiinflammatory) and Asclepias (cardiotonic). A scrutiny of folk claims found 203 plants for evaluation. Less well known ethnomedicines have been identified that are used to treat intestinal, joint, liver and skin diseases.","PeriodicalId":10218,"journal":{"name":"Ciba Foundation symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87049795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 132

Agricultural development paths and pest management: a pragmatic view of sustainability. 农业发展路径与有害生物管理:可持续发展的务实观点。

Ciba Foundation symposium Pub Date : 2007-09-28 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514474.CH7

G. Norton

引用次数: 0

Corticotropin-releasing factor and its binding protein in human plasma. 人血浆中促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子及其结合蛋白。

Ciba Foundation symposium Pub Date : 2007-09-28 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514368.CH6

P. Lowry

{"title":"Corticotropin-releasing factor and its binding protein in human plasma.","authors":"P. Lowry","doi":"10.1002/9780470514368.CH6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470514368.CH6","url":null,"abstract":"CRF is unusual in that it is synthesized and released from the placenta into the circulation in humans, reaching levels in the third trimester that would normally be expected in the hypothalamic portal system during stress. This rise is even more pronounced in pregnancy-induced hypertension and preterm labour. Paradoxically, there is no associated rise of either ACTH or cortisol. This lack of biological response and the stability of the peptide in human (but not rat) plasma in vitro initiated a search for the human CRF-binding plasma protein. This CRF-BP proved to have a molecular mass in the region of 40 kDa, and has been purified to homogeneity. It has an affinity constant in the nanomolar range and when mixed with appropriate amounts of CRF completely inhibits the ACTH-releasing activity of the peptide in vitro. With the cloning of the cDNA for CRF-BP, sufficient pure material has become available for the development of a radioimmunoassay. Although CRF-BP levels in pregnant women are normal in the second trimester, they begin to fall by week 35, reaching approximately 50% of normal values by term. The net effect of this would be an accelerated increase in free, potentially biologically active CRF.","PeriodicalId":10218,"journal":{"name":"Ciba Foundation symposium","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89628346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 48

A role for neutrophil elastase in solar elastosis. 中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶在太阳弹性症中的作用。

Ciba Foundation symposium Pub Date : 2007-09-28 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514771.CH18

B. Starcher, M. Conrad

引用次数: 35