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Countries for Old Men: An Analysis of the Age Wage Gap 老年人的国家:年龄工资差距分析
ERN: Human Capital (Topic) Pub Date : 2021-07-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3880501
Nicola Bianchi, Matteo Paradisi
{"title":"Countries for Old Men: An Analysis of the Age Wage Gap","authors":"Nicola Bianchi, Matteo Paradisi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3880501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3880501","url":null,"abstract":"In the last three decades, the wages of older workers in many high-income countries grew at a much faster rate than the wages of younger workers. This paper uses extensive administrative data from Italy and Germany to provide an analysis of this age wage gap. First, the widening of the age wage gap stemmed from the increasing difficulty of younger workers to reach high-paying jobs. Second, a large part of the deterioration in the careers of younger workers occurred within firms. Third, different appropriation of firm-specific rents can explain more than half of the widening in the age wage gap. The last portion of the analysis shows that the effects are larger for firms with constraints in adding higher-ranked jobs to their organization, highlighting the role of career spillovers in widening the age wage gap.","PeriodicalId":102043,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Capital (Topic)","volume":"78 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129714440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Social Media and Mental Health 社交媒体和心理健康
ERN: Human Capital (Topic) Pub Date : 2021-07-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3919760
Andrea Carboni Jiménez, M. Vaillancourt, P. Zhu, Quinta Seon
{"title":"Social Media and Mental Health","authors":"Andrea Carboni Jiménez, M. Vaillancourt, P. Zhu, Quinta Seon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3919760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3919760","url":null,"abstract":"There are seemingly opposing findings on social media’s effect on mental well-being. Some studies report no detrimental effects, others no association and others even positive or buffering effects. However, social media has rapidly evolved in a short span of time and so has people’s use of the platforms. Collecting an accurate measure of social media use and other methodological challenges particularly affect data in this area. In this commentary, we discuss two longitudinal studies to elaborate these contracting findings on social media and mental health.","PeriodicalId":102043,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Capital (Topic)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115056842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 84
Apart but Connected: Online Tutoring and Student Outcomes during the COVID-19 Pandemic 隔离但联系:COVID-19大流行期间的在线辅导和学生成果
ERN: Human Capital (Topic) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3777556
Michela Carlana, Eliana La Ferrara
{"title":"Apart but Connected: Online Tutoring and Student Outcomes during the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Michela Carlana, Eliana La Ferrara","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3777556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3777556","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, the governments of most countries ordered the closure of schools, potentially exacerbating existing learning gaps. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of an intervention implemented in Italian middle schools that provides free individual tutoring online to disadvantaged students during lock-down. Tutors are university students who volunteer for 3 to 6 hours per week. They were randomly assigned to middle school students, from a list of potential beneficiaries compiled by school principals. Using original survey data collected from students, parents, teachers and tutors, we find that the program substantially increased students' academic performance (by 0.26 SD on average) and that it significantly improved their socio-emotional skills, aspirations, and psychological well-being. Effects are stronger for children from lower socioeconomic status and, in the case of psychological well-being, for immigrant children.","PeriodicalId":102043,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Capital (Topic)","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123239017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 54
On the Design of Grant Assignment Rules 论拨款分配规则的设计
ERN: Human Capital (Topic) Pub Date : 2020-12-22 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3822247
Francesca Modena, Santiago Pereda Fernández, G. Tanzi
{"title":"On the Design of Grant Assignment Rules","authors":"Francesca Modena, Santiago Pereda Fernández, G. Tanzi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3822247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3822247","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main goals of grants is to reduce dropout rates. In this paper, we assess how different assignment rules target different students and how they affect dropout rates in the first year of enrollment. The analysis uses administrative data from all Italian universities for the period 2003-13. We find that awarding the grant to all eligible students would significantly increase public expenses, with only a slight reduction in the dropout rate. Since we find that the grants have a heterogeneous effect according to students’ characteristics, assignment rules keeping the number of grants constant have an impact on dropout rates. In particular, targeting high-performing students would minimize dropout rates amongst grant recipients, but it would slightly increase the overall dropout rate. On the other hand, targeting those who benefit the most achieves the maximum reduction in dropout rates at the cost of increasing the number of grant recipient dropouts.","PeriodicalId":102043,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Capital (Topic)","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125914690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 22
Robots and the Gender Pay Gap in Europe 机器人与欧洲的性别薪酬差距
ERN: Human Capital (Topic) Pub Date : 2020-07-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3647480
C. Aksoy, Berkay Özcan, J. Philipp
{"title":"Robots and the Gender Pay Gap in Europe","authors":"C. Aksoy, Berkay Özcan, J. Philipp","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3647480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3647480","url":null,"abstract":"Could robotization make the gender pay gap worse? We provide the first large-scale evidence on the impact of industrial robots on the gender pay gap using data from 20 European countries. We show that robot adoption increases both male and female earnings but also increases the gender pay gap. Using an instrumental variable strategy, we find that a ten percent increase in robotization leads to a 1.8 percent increase in the gender pay gap. These results are mainly driven by countries with high levels of gender inequality and outsourcing destination countries. We then explore the mechanisms behind this effect and find that our results can be explained by the fact that men at medium- and high-skill occupations disproportionately benefit from robotization (through a productivity effect). We rule out the possibility that our results are driven by mechanical changes in the gender composition of the workforce nor by inflows or outflows from the manufacturing sector.","PeriodicalId":102043,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Capital (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115577218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 44
Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Children’s Dynamic Skill Accumulation: Evidence from a UK Longitudinal Study 接触亲密伴侣暴力与儿童动态技能积累:来自英国纵向研究的证据
ERN: Human Capital (Topic) Pub Date : 2020-06-16 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3637889
Dan Anderberg, G. Moroni
{"title":"Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Children’s Dynamic Skill Accumulation: Evidence from a UK Longitudinal Study","authors":"Dan Anderberg, G. Moroni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3637889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3637889","url":null,"abstract":"Children are increasingly recognized as secondary victims of intimate partner violence. This paper uses a unique UK longitudinal child development survey to study the relationship between verbal and physical abuse experienced by mothers and children's development up to the age of seven. Estimating production functions for cognitive, social, and socio-emotional skills, we find that exposure during pre-school years has a quantitatively important negative effect on socio-emotional skills among toddlers and negatively affects cognitive and social skills after the age of three. The estimated impact on cognitive development is consistent with measures of cognitive skills based on school-based tests.","PeriodicalId":102043,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Capital (Topic)","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121954007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
International Student Mobility: Growth and Dispersion 国际学生流动:增长和分散
ERN: Human Capital (Topic) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.3386/W25921
Neeraj Kaushal, M. Lanati
{"title":"International Student Mobility: Growth and Dispersion","authors":"Neeraj Kaushal, M. Lanati","doi":"10.3386/W25921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W25921","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have seen an unprecedented growth and geographic dispersion in international student mobility. In this paper, we empirically test the predictions of two competing theoretical models underpinning the determinants of student mobility – the human capital model and the migration model – across traditional and emerging destinations. Our findings suggest that while the predictions of the migration model are generally valid in explaining student emigration to non-English speaking OECD destinations, student flows to English speaking countries and emerging economies are largely in line with the predictions of the human capital model. The growing dispersion of international students to emerging economies and continuing large flows to English speaking countries are therefore indicative of the rising demand to acquire tertiary skills and much less of the desire to migrate for permanent settlement.","PeriodicalId":102043,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Capital (Topic)","volume":"223 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122893857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
International Trade, Non-Trading Firms and their Impact on Labour Productivity 国际贸易、非贸易企业及其对劳动生产率的影响
ERN: Human Capital (Topic) Pub Date : 2019-04-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3371011
{"title":"International Trade, Non-Trading Firms and their Impact on Labour Productivity","authors":"","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3371011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3371011","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we examine the impact of non-trading firms on labour productivity and its persistence in response to macroeconomic shocks, through their entry and exit into the domestic market, in a model with monopolistic competition and heterogeneous firms. We quantify the effects of various macroeconomic shocks on labour productivity and we demonstrate that non-trading domestic firms’ entry and exit into the domestic market explains the persistence of labour productivity in response to transitory shocks. We also show that the model successfully replicates the sluggish recovery of labour productivity in the United Kingdom since the Great Recession.","PeriodicalId":102043,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Capital (Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131625252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Convergence of Labour Productivity in Agriculture of the European Union 欧盟农业劳动生产率趋同
ERN: Human Capital (Topic) Pub Date : 2019-03-18 DOI: 10.30858/ZER/103140
Z. Gołaś
{"title":"Convergence of Labour Productivity in Agriculture of the European Union","authors":"Z. Gołaś","doi":"10.30858/ZER/103140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/ZER/103140","url":null,"abstract":"Labour productivity is commonly considered as one of the most important parameters of development of economies, because it is conductive to reduction of costs, increase in supply of cheaper goods and services, higher dynamics of the market and higher purchasing power of societies, their wealth and competitive ability. But labour productivity is – at the backdrop of the EU countries – highly diversified, including in particular in agriculture where its level is much lower than in other sectors of the economy. The main objective of the presented paper is to examine and assess the changes in labour productivity in the EU agriculture in the context of the diversity of its level and dynamics of change underlying the identification of labour productivity convergence/divergence processes taking place in agriculture. The labour productivity convergence processes in the EU agriculture were analysed based on data from the period between 2005 and 2016, by testing two its basic types, namely sigma and beta convergence. The analysis applied statistical measures describing the degree of labour productivity differentiation in agriculture of the EU countries and cross-sectional regression function. The research showed that sigma and beta convergence exist in general in the EU-28 countries and in the group of the new Member States (UE-13). In the group of old Member States, however, no sigma convergence/divergence was identified, but statistically significant beta divergence was noted.","PeriodicalId":102043,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Capital (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131915906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
Labor Market Rigidity, Product Characteristics and World Trade at the Goods Level 劳动力市场刚性、产品特性与商品层面的世界贸易
ERN: Human Capital (Topic) Pub Date : 2019-03-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2943444
S. Huber
{"title":"Labor Market Rigidity, Product Characteristics and World Trade at the Goods Level","authors":"S. Huber","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2943444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2943444","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the power of labor market rigidities (LMR) to influence export flows of 113 countries from 1995 to 2013 for up to 5018 different goods. Since LMR can alter the productive use of factors in the production process, I expect that the interplay of a country's LMR and the good-specific factor intensities determine comparative advantage. Based on a multi-sector Ricardian trade model, I estimate a gravity like equation to show that countries with a rigid labor market tend to export more of capital-intensive production and less of goods that have a high global sales volatility. The impact of LMR on natural resource-intensive and human capital-intensive goods depends on countries' stage of development and the aggregation level of trade date, among others. My estimates consider a wide array of high-dimensional control variables such as exporter- and importer-good fixed effects, Heckscher-Ohlin forces, and bilateral gravity forces.","PeriodicalId":102043,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Capital (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129758628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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