{"title":"Prostate cancer screening and mortality reduction: A common misconception.","authors":"Takeshi Takahashi","doi":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_55_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_55_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of family & community medicine","volume":"32 3","pages":"255-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12331178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khawlah S Aldehailan, Eman K Alharshan, Shahad A AlShamlan, Nurah A Alkhteeb, Mounther M Alnaim
{"title":"The approach to the screening for visual impairment of children and adolescents by family medicine physicians in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Khawlah S Aldehailan, Eman K Alharshan, Shahad A AlShamlan, Nurah A Alkhteeb, Mounther M Alnaim","doi":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_275_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_275_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vision impairment in children, the leading causes of which are untreated refractive errors and amblyopia, is a significant global health issue. This study focuses on the current practices of vision impairment screening of children and adolescents by family medicine physicians in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the methods used by family medicine physicians to screen vision and identify areas requiring improvement to enhance early detection and treatment.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 172 family medicine physicians in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia from 2023 to 2024. Data were collected using via social media and visits using a self-administered questionnaire comprising questions on sociodemographics, current screening methods, and physicians' confidence in performing various visual assessment tests. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and Chi-square test was used to determine associations between physician demographics and screening practices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study found that visual inspection of the external eye was the most commonly used test for both over and under 3 years of age while visual acuity tests with letters or numbers and red reflex were used by 41.9% and 40.1% for over and under 3 years old, respectively. However, significant gaps were identified in training and resource availability; many physicians lacked access to advanced screening tools as well as sufficient training in pediatric ophthalmology.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlights the need for enhanced training programs and better resource allocation to improve vision screening practices by family medicine physicians. Implementing comprehensive training in pediatric vision screening and ensuring access to appropriate screening tools are critical steps toward the improvement of early detection and treatment of vision impairment in children and adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":101441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of family & community medicine","volume":"32 3","pages":"198-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12331185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noha M A Elsaid, Hend A H Ismail, Almaza A Salim, Doaa Kamal, Heba S Mohammed, Fawaz E Edris, Asmaa A Ibrahim, Abeer E Ameen
{"title":"The effect of educational intervention program on knowledge and willingness of medical students to take cervical cancer screening and human papillomavirus vaccine: A quasi-experimental study.","authors":"Noha M A Elsaid, Hend A H Ismail, Almaza A Salim, Doaa Kamal, Heba S Mohammed, Fawaz E Edris, Asmaa A Ibrahim, Abeer E Ameen","doi":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_45_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_45_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cervical cancer (CC) is a major public health issue. This study assessed the alteration in students' knowledge and willingness to undergo CC screening, and take human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine after an educational intervention.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A quasi-experimental pre/post study design was adopted. A sample of 379 medical students at Suez University was selected using simple random sampling method. A self-administrated valid reliable questionnaire was utilized to collect the socio demographic data, knowledge about CC, and respondents' willingness and obstacles to CC screening and HPV vaccine. The health education program was delivered to students via the Microsoft team platform. Repeated measures ANOVA was utilized to compare the mean score of knowledge before the educational intervention, immediately, and 1 month later. Cochran's test was used to compare the level of knowledge before intervention, immediately after, and 1 month after the educational intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>About 52% of participants reported poor knowledge (<60%) before the educational intervention but significantly improving after the education program (20.3%). The mean knowledge score before the educational intervention, immediate post and 1 month later was 16.5 ± 7.3, 21.8 ± 6.3, and 21.9 ± 6.6, respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Before the health education intervention, about 55% of the participants were willing to get vaccinated, but their willingness significantly improved to 67% immediately and 1 month after the intervention (<i>P</i> < 0.001). The major reason for their unwillingness was the lack of awareness of the vaccine. About 58% of female students showed willingness to have pap smear and about 58% of male students showed willingness to counsel family members to have pap smear. Their willingness improved immediately after the educational intervention and 1 month thereafter to 70.7% and 72.3%, respectively. No statistically significant correlation was observed between knowledge and sociodemographic characteristics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The educational intervention enhanced students' knowledge about CC.</p>","PeriodicalId":101441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of family & community medicine","volume":"32 3","pages":"207-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12331183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Perception of laboratory management and quality improvement concepts of Saudi anatomic pathology residents and graduates: Venues for improvement.","authors":"Amal A Alodaini, Nida M Khan, Zahra F Alkhunaizy","doi":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_341_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_341_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Laboratory management and quality improvement (LMQI) is a fundamental nondiagnostic skill for the daily practice of pathologists. Studies recognized a knowledge gap in LMQI in postgraduate training programs with non-uniform outcomes. Measurement of this gap and corrective curricula modifications was embraced by many postgraduate programs. Similar assessment of the LMQI knowledge status in Saudi anatomic pathology (AP) residents and graduates is lacking. The aim of this study was to assess Saudi AP residents' perceptions of LMQI concepts, and AP graduates' feedback on the usefulness of LMQI training for their practice as pathologists, and propose a revised LMQI curriculum.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A nonexperimental mixed-methods study was conducted between August 1 to August 31, 2020. An online questionnaire containing multiple-choice and closed-ended questions assessed LMQI learning experiences of AP residents and graduates. A comparative assessment of LMQI curricula was done between Saudi and international AP postgraduate programs as a benchmark. Descriptive statistics were computed to summarize the participants' demographic characteristics and the surveyed variables using SPSS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A remarkable LMQI knowledge gap was noted at all residency levels, which was mirrored by the graduates' feedback of difficulties in LMQI issues they were encountering as junior pathologists. The LMQI curricula assessment in Saudi AP programs revealed that the objectives and evaluation methods were vague. A revised competency-driven longitudinal LMQI curriculum with clear expectations and evaluation methods is proposed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>LMQI as an objective has been translated differently in the current Saudi AP programs with limited experiential LMQI learning resulting in suboptimal and inhomogeneous outcomes. This requires a unified model with longitudinal, competency-based experiential training.</p>","PeriodicalId":101441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of family & community medicine","volume":"32 3","pages":"246-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12331179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdulaziz M Alruzaihan, Abdulrahman K Ashour, Turki E Almahmoud, Saif F Alsaif, Eman R Mohamed, Manahel A Almulhem, Abdulmohsen H Al Elq, Mohammad Zeeshan
{"title":"The perspectives of undergraduate medical students on effective feedback: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Abdulaziz M Alruzaihan, Abdulrahman K Ashour, Turki E Almahmoud, Saif F Alsaif, Eman R Mohamed, Manahel A Almulhem, Abdulmohsen H Al Elq, Mohammad Zeeshan","doi":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_277_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_277_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Effective feedback is crucial in medical education as it assists in the evaluation of student's performance and bridges the gap between observed and intended performance. Objective of this study was to evaluate medical students' perspectives on effective feedback at the College of Medicine at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University in Saudi Arabia and identify the factors that affect the successful delivery of feedback.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included all the medical students. Data was collected using a validated questionnaire which measured students' perceptions using a 5-point Likert scale. The study focused on four domains: feedback practice, influencing factors, instructor skills, and student preparation. Students were invited to participate by filling a Google-Forms-based online questionnaire accessible using a QR code shared by the researchers. Data were classified, tabulated, and analyzed using SPPS version 26.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 1216, 510 students filled the questionnaire yielding a response rate of 41%. The majority (57.8%) perceived the feedback delivered negatively with an overall mean score of 29.7/60 (57.8%), a minority (1.6%) perceived it positively, and the remainder (40.6%) had a neutral perception. Based on domains, the students' preparation for feedback was the highest, whereas feedback practice was rated as the lowest. Further, the perception decreased as the academic year progressed, with students in the pre-clinical years having a more favorable perception than students in the clinical years.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the overall mean score for receiving effective feedback was negative, students' readiness to receive it showed a high mean score. This should prompt educators to employ more specific and timely feedback techniques. The study findings also show that students in preclinical years tend to have a more positive view of feedbacks though this perception declines in the clinical years. These findings could be critical in adapting feedback approaches to meet the specific needs of clinical students.</p>","PeriodicalId":101441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of family & community medicine","volume":"32 3","pages":"239-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12331188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prevalence of toxin exposure in regions of Saudi Arabia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Mohammed A Aljumaan, Amal H Alsulaibikh","doi":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_337_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_337_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poisoning is a growing significant concern globally. The increased use of industrial and household chemicals, together with widespread consumption of pharmaceuticals and processed foods, elevates the risk of toxic exposure worldwide. This study aimed to assess the frequency of toxic exposure by examining poisoning events in different regions of Saudi Arabia. A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify studies on toxins and their prevalence in Saudi Arabia from 2004 to 2024. A meta-analysis was performed using R software, and the AXIS risk of bias was evaluated. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review, and eleven of these contributed data to the meta-analysis. Pooled prevalence for synthetic drugs was: cannabis 0.40 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13-0.75), amphetamines 0.34 (95% CI: 0.05-0.85), and solvents 0.04 (95% CI: 0.02-0.07). Pooled prevalence for industrial chemicals was: chemical poisoning 0.16 (95% CI: 0.10-0.25), drug overdose 0.51 (95% CI: 0.38-0.65), and food 0.26 (95% CI: 0.22-0.29). Pooled prevalence for natural toxins was: carbon monoxide 0.76 (95% CI: 0.66-0.85), botulinum 0.42 (95% CI: 0.20-0.67), and scorpion stings 0.72 (95% CI: 0.24-0.95). The study highlights the diverse substances that cause acute poisoning in Saudi Arabia, with regional variations in toxin types and associated risks. Carbon monoxide was the most prevalent natural toxin (0.76), followed by scorpion stings (0.72). Drug overdose showed the highest prevalence of synthetic and chemical agents (0.51). Other notable toxins included botulinum (0.42), cannabis (0.40), and amphetamines (0.34). Industrial chemicals (0.16) and food-related toxins (0.26) also contributed to the issue. The findings highlight the need for public education programs on safe chemical and drug use. The future research should focus on risk factors, prevention, and the improvement of access to medical care.</p>","PeriodicalId":101441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of family & community medicine","volume":"32 3","pages":"186-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12331187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Author's reply.","authors":"Farah K Alhomoud","doi":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_106_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_106_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of family & community medicine","volume":"32 3","pages":"259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12331181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seham M Eldeeb, Rashed S Alqudhaya, Salem A Alsalem, Ali M Alsalem, Alhassan M Alhawkash, Zaid M Alqureshah, Morshed H Alswaidan, Ghaitha S Alyami
{"title":"Epidemiology of reportable infectious diseases in the Najran Health Cluster.","authors":"Seham M Eldeeb, Rashed S Alqudhaya, Salem A Alsalem, Ali M Alsalem, Alhassan M Alhawkash, Zaid M Alqureshah, Morshed H Alswaidan, Ghaitha S Alyami","doi":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_328_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_328_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To control disease outbreaks and promote the prevention of disease, monitoring the burden of infectious illnesses and their epidemiology is essential. Keeping track of changes in disease rates and, more crucially, the effectiveness of control measures like immunization campaigns for the eradication of certain infectious illnesses depends heavily on national surveillance data.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study analyzed national surveillance data to illustrate the evolving epidemiology of reportable infectious diseases in the Najran Health Cluster from 2022 to 2024. For each disease, incidence rate (per 100,000 population) with a 95% confidence interval were calculated using population census data from 2022 to 2024. For each year, number of cases were described by sex, nationality, and age. Statistical analysis were performed using SPSS; Pearson's Chi-Square and Fisher's exact tests assessed the association between disease incidence and population demographics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most common bacterial diseases were brucellosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, and salmonellosis. In 2024, there were outbreaks of pertussis and cholera (incidence rate 5.2 and 7.6/100,000, respectively). The most common viral diseases were measles, hepatitis B, dengue fever, and chickenpox. In 2024, there was a marked increase in the number of confirmed hepatitis B cases, from 100 cases in 2023 to 256 in 2024. The most common parasitic diseases were scorpion sting, malaria, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and amebic dysentery. The number of reported cases of malaria almost doubled from 45 in 2023 to 88 in 2024.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlights the importance of tracing infectious disease data to identify outbreaks early and implement control measures. In 2024, there was an increase in the number of confirmed cases of hepatitis B, pertussis, cholera, and malaria, a situation that requires urgent investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":101441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of family & community medicine","volume":"32 3","pages":"231-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12331182/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The status of Saudi measures of deprivation: A review with policy recommendations on a missing indicator in Saudi epidemiologic research.","authors":"Reem S AlOmar","doi":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_331_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_331_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In epidemiology and public health, social determinants of health are an important concept, where deprivation plays a central role in the overall health status. This paper reviews the literature on deprivation and health, as well as reviews the role deprivation plays in the field of epidemiology and finally focuses on the Saudi context and provides recommendations for policymakers. This narrative review consisted of a literature search in MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsychInfo. Search terms included key concepts of \"measures of deprivation\" and \"epidemiology\". Epidemiologists have found that health is socioeconomically patterned and follows a social gradient so that the more deprived an individual is, the poorer their health. In the United Kingdom, epidemiologists have been able to compute composite indices for deprivation and periodically update and link them to national databases. A composite index provides an overview of the ranking of deprivation and epidemiologically, provide parsimonious models rather than analyzing several separate variables. In Saudi Arabia, only two indices were published in 2018 with census data from 2004. Consequently, epidemiologists and researchers have difficulty utilizing this outdated index and incorporate it into national emerging databases. Recommendations provided in this paper include facilitating epidemiologists' accessibility to the data on the 2022 census, especially at smaller geographical levels to enable them to compute small area level-based measures of deprivation (MoD). Also, to utilize the recent technological advances to enable data linkage between the different databases and encourage the adoption and incorporation of the MoD into national databases and public health programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":101441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of family & community medicine","volume":"32 3","pages":"179-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12331189/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Accuracy of blood pressure-to-height ratio for the identification of elevated blood pressure in children: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Ignatio R Haryono, Nawanto A Prastowo","doi":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_251_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_251_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is little evidence to show that the blood pressure-to-height ratio (BPHR) accurately detects elevated blood pressure (EBP) in children. The present study evaluated the accuracy of BPHR in detecting EBP in children aged 8-11 years.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study involved 1087 children (531 boys and 556 girls), aged 8-11 years. Weight, height, and blood pressure (BP) were measured using the standard procedure. EBP was defined as systolic or diastolic pressure at the 90th percentile or above at a specific gender, age, and height. Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's correlation were applied. The diagnostic accuracy was set at an area-under-the-curve of ≥0.90. Sex-specific cutoff points for systolic BPHR (SBPHR) and diastolic BPHR (DBPHR) were determined. The sensitivity and specificity of SBPHR and DBPHR were also determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most variables between sexes were comparable (P > 0.05), except weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) in the 8-9 years' age group. Almost all variables for children with EBP were significantly higher than normotensive (P < 0.05). SBPHR correlated with all variables except BMI in girls. DBPHR correlated with almost all variables except age (sexes) and height (girls). The accuracy of SBPHR and DBPHR in diagnosing EBP in both sexes was above 95%. The optimal threshold of SBPHR and DBPHR for diagnosing EBP was 0.804/0.519 in boys and 0.831/0.530 in girls. The sensitivity and specificity were 90.8%-96.5% and 86.0%-93.2%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SBPHR and DBPHR have high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in detecting EBP in Indonesian children aged 8-11 years.</p>","PeriodicalId":101441,"journal":{"name":"Journal of family & community medicine","volume":"32 2","pages":"101-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12097690/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144145210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}