{"title":"Hybrid Simulation Models for high-performance and versatile airport simulations: Integrating System Dynamics and Agent-Based Approaches","authors":"Florian Rudolph , Martin Jung , Axel B. Classen","doi":"10.1016/j.trpro.2026.01.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trpro.2026.01.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper outlines a novel simulation approach that integrates multiple simulation concepts. Agent-based network models are combined with a set of state charts rules. The resulting simulation then interacts with an energy flow simulation based on system dynamics rules at runtime. The work is based on the many challenges that modern airports face, such as growing passenger numbers, strict safety regulations, unpredictable disruptions and the worsening climate crisis. The transformation process in aviation is therefore attracting increasing attention. In order to capture this complexity, simulation modelling has become an integral part of strategic and operational decision-making processes. Our hybrid modelling approach aims to provide a comprehensive framework for analysing both macro-level system behaviour and micro-level agent behaviour.</div><div>The simulation’s high-speed capability makes it ideal for “What-If” cycles, enabling efficient analysis and evaluation of management decisions on incidents by presenting the results to the user in a capacity-based view. This simulation approach is intended to promote the integration of the Airport Collaborative Decision-Making concept (A-CDM), enabling different airport stakeholders to make joint decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101261,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Procedia","volume":"94 ","pages":"Pages 91-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Segment and OD demand from Europe to the UAE and Qatar: Trends and potentially underserved markets","authors":"Sven Maertens , Wolfgang Grimme","doi":"10.1016/j.trpro.2026.01.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trpro.2026.01.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air transport in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar has experienced rapid growth. From a European perspective, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, or Doha are primarily perceived as transfer hubs for long-haul traffic to and from the “Eastern Hemisphere”. Yet both countries are increasingly emerging as significant destinations and points of origin in their own right. Despite this, limited research has addressed the development of origin-destination (OD) passenger flows from and to these Gulf states. This paper presents a descriptive analysis of (1) the evolution of segment and OD passenger numbers from Europe to the UAE and Qatar, and (2) major OD flows that seem under- or unserved, which could hence represent potential opportunities for new or additional direct air services. The analysis is based on ‘Sabre MI’ data at both segment (“leg”) and OD levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101261,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Procedia","volume":"94 ","pages":"Pages 79-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Key Challenges in Implementing ATM Data Service Providers in Europe","authors":"Andrea Boháčová , Benedikt Badánik","doi":"10.1016/j.trpro.2026.01.031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trpro.2026.01.031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of Air Traffic Management Data Service Providers (ADSPs) in Europe, there are several technical, regulatory, operational, and commercial challenges. These challenges stem from the transition from traditional Air Navigation Services to a more modern, digital, and interoperable system under the Single European Sky (SES) initiative, especially with the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) program, promoting the concept of virtual centres and decoupled data services. Outsourcing ADSP services in Europe — a key element of the ADSP model — offers significant benefits, such as increased efficiency, scalability, and cross-border interoperability. However, realizing these benefits requires overcoming a series of interconnected regulatory, technical, operational, political, and cultural challenges (SESAR JU, 2025). The transition towards outsourcing ATM Data Services through the establishment of ADSPs in Europe marks a paradigm shift in Air Traffic Management (ATM). While technological enablers such as System Wide Information Management (SWIM), Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA), and virtualisation are increasingly mature, a series of multidimensional challenges must be addressed before large-scale implementation can occur (EUROCONTROL, 2021). Both operational and technical staff require re-skilling and training to function effectively within a data-centric, service-oriented ATM ecosystem. This paper provides comprehensive overview of current challenges that must be overcome before full implementation of ATM Data Service Providers is possible in Europe. The paper suggests that the outsourcing of ATM Data Services is not only a question of technological transformation but also a legal, operational, and cultural one. Addressing these challenges in a coordinated manner is essential to enable ADSPs to fulfil their potential as the backbone of a more resilient, interoperable, and efficient European Air Traffic Management system (EASA, 2020).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101261,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Procedia","volume":"94 ","pages":"Pages 306-318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The evolution of air transport connectivity – a case study of Cluj-Napoca Int’l Airport","authors":"Roland-István Matuz-Vitus , Csongor Máthé","doi":"10.1016/j.trpro.2026.01.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trpro.2026.01.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The main objective of this paper is to provide an in-depth analysis of the evolution of air connectivity at a regional-class airport in South-East Europe — a topic for which scientific evidence remains limited. This study investigates the connectivity of the largest regional airport in Romania between 2019 and 2024. The connectivity model employed in our research aims to illustrate and analyze the transformation of the airport’s route network, taking into account not only quantitative data (passenger traffic and number of flights), but also qualitative indicators (such as load factor). During the examined period, passenger traffic at Cluj-Napoca Airport experienced significant fluctuations, primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the end of the pandemic, air traffic resumed its growth, and by 2023, Transylvania’s largest airport had already surpassed its absolute record from 2019. Low-cost carriers are indispensable elements of Romania’s air transport system, accounting for nearly two-thirds of the country’s passenger traffic. Based on the results, it can be stated that low-cost airlines play a decisive role in the development of air connectivity and, consequently, in the competitiveness of the airport as well.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101261,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Procedia","volume":"94 ","pages":"Pages 203-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Age-related differences in the acquisition of basic piloting proficiencies in simulated flight environment - case study","authors":"Marta Maciejewska , Julia Pestka","doi":"10.1016/j.trpro.2026.01.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trpro.2026.01.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the impact of age on the learning rate of fundamental piloting skills using a flight simulator. The primary aim was to understand how age influences the learning rate of fundamental piloting competencies and to analyze additional factors affecting performance, with the ultimate goal of suggesting potential improvements to the current pilot training system. The study begins with an overview of civil aviation training in Poland, including age and health requirements, licensing categories. Empirical research was conducted by dividing participants into distinct age groups and assessing their learning rate, task accuracy, precision, and completion time. Additional variables, including stress, self-confidence, excitement, encountered difficulties, prior experience with computer games, and individual characteristics, were measured and analyzed. Findings indicate the need to adapt training programs to the individual requirements of different age groups. The results provide a foundation for further research and potential enhancements in civil aviation training programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101261,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Procedia","volume":"94 ","pages":"Pages 171-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"STPA and SFHA Combined: Airbus A320 Family ATA 27B High-Lift System Case Study","authors":"Kiyofolo Benjamin Ouattara , Andrej Lališ","doi":"10.1016/j.trpro.2026.01.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trpro.2026.01.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the integration of System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) and System Functional Hazard Analysis (SFHA) as a combined approach for safety assessment, using the Airbus A320 family ATA 27B High-Lift system as a case study. The proposed approach utilizes the complementarity of STPA and SFHA: STPA focuses on interactions and control flaws among system or components, identifies scenarios that traditional methods may not consider, while SFHA provides a structured assessment of functional hazards and their severity. By beginning with STPA analysis to identify potential loss scenarios, the following SFHA can be performed in a more comprehensive manner, extending its scope beyond hardware failures to include software issues and human related factors. Output of merging STPA and SFHA shows improvement in hazard identification and assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101261,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Procedia","volume":"94 ","pages":"Pages 234-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matúš Horník , Pavol Rafajdus , Hao Chen , Andrej Blaško
{"title":"Design of stator-magnet transverse-flux linear oscillatory machine for reciprocating drives in transport","authors":"Matúš Horník , Pavol Rafajdus , Hao Chen , Andrej Blaško","doi":"10.1016/j.trpro.2025.11.094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trpro.2025.11.094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electric vehicles (EVs) offer a promising solution to mitigate climate change and environmental pollution, with research focusing on improving their efficiency and driving range. Among the key components of EVs are compressors, which are essential for air conditioning (AC) systems and battery thermal management, in EVs an separate electric motor is needed for their operation. This paper explores the design and optimization of a stator-magnet transverse-flux linear oscillatory machine (SMTLOM) for compressor applications in EVs. The SMTLOM features permanent magnets embedded in the stator, offering advantages such as simplified installation, enhanced protection against vibrations, and reduced reliance on rare-earth materials. The machine operates in two modes: a low-current efficiency mode for minimal energy consumption and a high-current power mode for heavy-load operations. A comprehensive 3D finite element analysis was conducted to optimize the SMTLOM’s performance while minimizing the volume of permanent magnets. Results show possible usage of SMTLOM in compressor. The findings highlight the trade-offs between force generation, efficiency, and material usage, providing valuable insights into the potential of SMTLOM technology for EV compressor applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101261,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Procedia","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 624-629"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Capacity and safety aspects of turbo-roundabouts","authors":"Kristián Čulík , Alica Kalašová , Peter Fabian","doi":"10.1016/j.trpro.2025.11.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trpro.2025.11.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The turbo roundabout (TR) represents a modern solution in road infrastructure, distinguished by its geometric design and specialized construction elements, which enhance efficiency and safety compared to traditional roundabouts. Conventional roundabouts often lack the parameters to safely and smoothly handle high traffic volumes. This article examines the capacity and safety aspects of TRs, analyzing their performance through capacity assessment. The findings confirm that properly designed TRs can effectively manage high traffic intensity, minimize collision points, and optimize traffic flow. However, the article also discusses the negative aspects of this type of roundabout, including the high costs of construction, more complex navigation for drivers, challenges with pedestrian and cyclist management, and specific conditions required for their implementation. This type of roundabout is particularly suitable for locations with high traffic loads and multiple lanes in the main direction, where it can significantly improve road safety and traffic fluidity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101261,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Procedia","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 109-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Changes in internal resistance RS after LiFePO4 cell cycling","authors":"Marek Šimčák , Michal Frivaldský","doi":"10.1016/j.trpro.2025.11.091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trpro.2025.11.091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the variations in internal resistance (R<sub>S</sub>) of LiFePO4 cells during cycling and the correlation of these variations with the state-of-charge (SOC) over the cell’s operational range. Characterizing the dynamic behavior of internal resistance across several charge-discharge cycles is the main goal. To depict these changes, a three-dimensional map is used, with the Z-axis showing the number of cycles the cell has experienced, the Y-axis representing the internal resistance (R<sub>S</sub>), and the X-axis representing the cell’s state of charge (SOC). By showing the pace and pattern of resistance variation as the number of cycles grows, the research sheds insights on how internal resistance changes over time. The article also provides a thorough explanation of the composition and cycling parameters of the particular LiFePO4 cell that was utilized. The findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms influencing the performance deterioration of LiFePO4 batteries by illustrating the connection between cycling-induced resistance changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101261,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Procedia","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 604-611"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electronic Regulation of Thermoelectric Modules in a Flow Cooler","authors":"Vladimír Samaš , Juraj Gerlici","doi":"10.1016/j.trpro.2025.11.078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trpro.2025.11.078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study addresses the design and implementation of two potential solutions for cooling water in the brake stand of railway vehicles, focusing on accuracy, efficiency, and compliance with technical standards. A detailed exploration is provided of an electronic cooling system that utilizes modern microprocessors for precise regulation of the output water temperature. The goal is to achieve the required temperature parameters as specified by UIC 541-3 and IRS 50548, which details the exact conditions for testing train braking systems. The proposed system integrates Peltier modules (thermoelectric devices) for temperature regulation, enabling water cooling. Multiple temperature sensors are incorporated to ensure accurate feedback for the control unit. Two primary variants of the cooling system control are presented. The first variant uses relay circuits for control, offering a straightforward solution. The second, alternative solution, employs transistor-based control through drivers, which enhances regulation dynamics and system efficiency. The scientific contribution of this study is the analysis and design of various solution variants that meet the water temperature requirements as per UIC 541-3 and IRS 50548 standards. The results can be applied not only in the testing of braking systems but also in other fields where temperature regulation is crucial. By integrating advanced control strategies, such as TEC-based cooling for braking components, braking stands can improve the precision of thermal management during tests, leading to more accurate and repeatable results. The synergy between electronic cooling systems and braking test stands presents a promising direction for future research, supporting the ongoing transition to greener and more efficient railway transport solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101261,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Procedia","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 510-516"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}