{"title":"Venous disease of the central nervous system","authors":"Valérie Biousse , Nancy J. Newman","doi":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span><span>Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is characterized by an extreme variability in its clinical presentation and mode of onset. The combination of magnetic resonance imaging and </span>magnetic resonance venography<span> is currently the best method for diagnosis of CVT. It can also be done by computed tomography<span> venography<span>. Catheter angiography is only rarely necessary. Numerous causes have been described, and an extensive work-up is required. The prognosis, although better than previously thought, remains unpredictable, and should be initiated emergently in all cases. It is based on the combination of the treatment of the etiology, symptomatic treatment of seizures and </span></span></span></span>intracranial hypertension<span>, and antithrombotics. Heparin remains the first-line antithrombotic treatment for CVT. Recent studies have confirmed its safety even in patients with hemorrhagic parenchymal lesions. Local </span></span>thrombolysis or </span>mechanical thrombectomy<span> are indicated in the rare cases of deterioration despite adequate anticoagulation.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":101154,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Cerebrovascular Diseases and Stroke","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 2-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.scds.2004.07.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80150841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria E. Santiago , Hussein. Wafapoor , James J. Corbett
{"title":"Ocular ischemic syndrome, central retinal artery obstruction, and branch retinal artery obstruction1, 2","authors":"Maria E. Santiago , Hussein. Wafapoor , James J. Corbett","doi":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"Ocular ischemic syndrome is a condition characterized by visual loss described mainly in males 50 years and older secondary to carotid artery stenosis or occlusion. Loss of vision results from chronic ischemic changes to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Pain around the eye has been reported in up to 40% of the patients. Also, these patients may report difficulty adjusting to a darker environment after light exposure. Neovascularization of the iris and retina is common. Associated systemic conditions include arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease and tobacco use. Digital subtraction angiography can demonstrate carotid artery obstruction in the majority of patients, however less invasive procedures such as contrast enhanced MR angiography in combination with duplex ultrasound correlates with the degree of carotid stenosis. Carotid endarterectomy in addition to management of neovascularization of iris or retina is the treatment of choice, however, the prognosis for visual recovery is still limited. Acute retinal arterial obstruction is a dramatic and usually irreversible painless loss of vision that can involve the central retinal artery or an arterial branch, most commonly secondary to cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease. Other associated conditions include various hematological, infectious and metabolic abnormalities. In central retinal artery occlusion a common finding includes a cherry red spot in the macula. A careful evaluation of all potential sources of emboli is essential in this condition since there is a strong association with fatal outcome due to cardiovascular disease and stroke. Other etiologies such as coagulopathies, collagen vascular diseases and viral infections have been identified in patients with retinal arterial obstructions. Despite aggressive intervention the visual prognosis of central retinal artery occlusion remains poor.","PeriodicalId":101154,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Cerebrovascular Diseases and Stroke","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 39-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.scds.2004.07.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87301965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cerebrovascular complications of cardiovascular interventions coronary artery bypass graft procedures","authors":"James D. Fleck MD , José Biller MD","doi":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Coronary artery bypass surgery is a common surgical procedure. The objective of this article is to discuss the cerebrovascular complications of this surgery. Coronary artery bypass surgery can cause brain injury, typically from emboli or brain hypoperfusion. </span>Ischemic strokes<span><span> do occur after coronary artery bypass surgery. Techniques have been developed to lessen the chance of brain infarction, including performing the surgery without the use of a </span>cardiopulmonary bypass machine. Neuropsychologic decline can also occur after surgery and is discussed. The clinical presentations of brain infarcts are discussed as well as the evaluation and treatment of these patients.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":101154,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Cerebrovascular Diseases and Stroke","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 207-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.scds.2004.02.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84146024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Latisha Ali , Jose Biller , David Mattson , Karen Roos
{"title":"Case report: sagittal sinus thrombosis as the first clinical manifestation of metastatic breast cancer","authors":"Latisha Ali , Jose Biller , David Mattson , Karen Roos","doi":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.02.007","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101154,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Cerebrovascular Diseases and Stroke","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 246-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.scds.2004.02.007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73925230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jennifer Caswell , Bridget O’Brien , Michael Schneck
{"title":"Risk of stroke following valve replacement surgery","authors":"Jennifer Caswell , Bridget O’Brien , Michael Schneck","doi":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.04.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Stroke is a significant complication following cardiac valve surgery. The risk of stroke is governed by a number of variables including location of the valve (mitral versus aortic), adequacy of anticoagulation<span><span>, presence of atrial fibrillation, and patient comorbidities. Interestingly, the risk of thromboembolism appears equal regardless of whether the prosthesis is a mechanical or </span>bioprosthetic valve.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":101154,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Cerebrovascular Diseases and Stroke","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 214-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.scds.2004.04.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88544168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strokes and congenital heart disease in infants and children","authors":"Randall L. Caldwell","doi":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article examines the incidence, mechanisms, recognition, prevention, and management of strokes associated with congenital heart disease in infants and children.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101154,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Cerebrovascular Diseases and Stroke","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 200-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.scds.2004.02.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87402883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cerebrovascular complications in interventional cardiology","authors":"Leslie Cho","doi":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Today, over 1 million coronary interventions are performed in the United States. Cerebrovascular complications during interventional cardiology procedures are rare; however, they can have devastating consequences. This review will address cerebrovascular complications during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with either stenting or </span>balloon angioplasty in the era of powerful </span>anticoagulation therapy<span>. Also, we will seek to address neurological complications following </span></span>valvuloplasty.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101154,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Cerebrovascular Diseases and Stroke","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 228-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.scds.2004.04.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79358143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cerebrovascular complications of aortic arch surgery","authors":"Michael J. Schneck","doi":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ischemic strokes<span> in the brain and the spinal cord are dreaded complications of aortic arch surgery<span><span>. The etiology of these strokes is most typically embolic from atheromatous material but compression or dissection of branch vessels or hypoperfusion (particularly of radicular spinal branches) may be associated with increased stroke risk. Various techniques including partial left heart bypass with hypothermic circulatory arrest and retrograde or anterograde </span>cerebral perfusion<span> along with lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage<span> may decrease the risk of neurovascular complications of aortic arch<span> or thoracic aortic surgery. The risks of neurovascular complications with endovascular stenting of the aorta are unclear at this time.</span></span></span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":101154,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Cerebrovascular Diseases and Stroke","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 237-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.scds.2004.04.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74673969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hassan W. Nemeh , Jeffrey Shuhaiber , Mamdouh Bakhos
{"title":"Cerebrovascular complications of mechanical circulatory assist devices","authors":"Hassan W. Nemeh , Jeffrey Shuhaiber , Mamdouh Bakhos","doi":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.scds.2004.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chronic heart failure syndrome is reaching a significant magnitude. Due to limitations in the available treatment options, mechanical circulatory assist devices are assuming a bigger role in the management of this difficult group of patients. Cerebrovascular events certainly appear to complicate the course of treatment using this evolving technology. Some of the events are due to patient-related factors, but some are related to the device and its interaction with the living organism. Differences in the incidence of these complications among the available devices provide the hope that better understanding of the causes followed by design modifications will lessen the occurrence of cerebrovascular events with this form of therapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101154,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Cerebrovascular Diseases and Stroke","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 233-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.scds.2004.04.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83738144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}