{"title":"Overview of application of automated SEM/EDS measurements for inclusion characterization in steelmaking","authors":"Shashank Ramesh Babu, Susanne K. Michelic","doi":"10.1002/metm.18","DOIUrl":"10.1002/metm.18","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) is considered as a state-of-the-art characterization tool to determine the morphological features and the chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions in steel. Such a characterization is pivotal to assessing the steel quality, which influences the properties of end products. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the SEM/EDS system, tracing its historical developments and methodological advancements by various research groups which have contributed to non-metallic inclusion analysis. Then the discussions transition to developments that have matured the SEM/EDS platform. The paper highlights selected examples utilizing the SEM/EDS to examine inclusions across various steel grades and at different stages of the metallurgical process. Finally, latest advancements in integrating machine learning techniques to expedite the analysis process were discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":100919,"journal":{"name":"MetalMat","volume":"1 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/metm.18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140716781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preparation, processing, and application of ultrathin lithium metal","authors":"Shaozhen Huang, Wenhao Li, Yu Zhang, Tianbao Li, Yuejiao Chen, Guichao Kuang, Wen Liu, Zhiyuan He, Zhibin Wu, Libao Chen","doi":"10.1002/metm.16","DOIUrl":"10.1002/metm.16","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lithium metal is a promising electrode material for next-generation high-energy-density rechargeable batteries with its high theoretical capacity (3860 mAh g<sup>−1</sup>) and low standard electrode potential (−3.04 V vs. SHE). However, the special physicochemical properties of lithium metal, including low tensile strength, viscoplastic creep, and high reactivity hinder the processing and preparation of lithium strips toward ultrathin thickness (≤20 μm). Developing new matrixes, interfaces, and processing methods can be promising for overcoming these problems. This review summarizes the physicochemical properties of lithium metal and the design principles for preparing the ultrathin Li metal, and concludes the recent development in this field from the perspective of processing design, and proposes to provide in-depth understanding of reliable fabrication of ultrathin lithium metal strips, and prospects the challenges and opportunities of ultrathin-scale preparation and processing of lithium metal.</p>","PeriodicalId":100919,"journal":{"name":"MetalMat","volume":"1 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/metm.16","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140755630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. A. Vandermeer, X. C. Lei, E. F. F. Knipschildt-Okkels, F. Lin, R. E. Sanders, D. Juul Jensen
{"title":"Advanced microstructural path modeling of primary recrystallization in aluminum alloys AA5182 and AA5657","authors":"R. A. Vandermeer, X. C. Lei, E. F. F. Knipschildt-Okkels, F. Lin, R. E. Sanders, D. Juul Jensen","doi":"10.1002/metm.15","DOIUrl":"10.1002/metm.15","url":null,"abstract":"<p>When analyzing recrystallization kinetics data, it is extremely important to use a model, which has appropriate assumptions for nucleation and growth, including spatial distribution of nuclei, nucleation rate, growth rate, and directionality. In the present work, we reveal how advanced microstructural path modeling (MPM) can successfully fit kinetics data for the complex recrystallization of two different industrial aluminum alloys. Simpler models have failed to fit the data over the entire recrystallization period. The new model allows for spatially clustered nucleation and for different growth rates in different sample directions, whereby the grains evolve with an aspect ratio different from 1. Based on the MPM analysis, the specific nucleation and growth parameters as well as the recrystallized grain sizes are deduced, and the recrystallization characteristics of the two alloys are compared. The work demonstrates the power of quantitative metallography and the wealth of recrystallization information that may be obtained from MPM modeling of such stereological data.</p>","PeriodicalId":100919,"journal":{"name":"MetalMat","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/metm.15","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140250501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cathodes in magnetrons: A review","authors":"Zheng Liu, Yun-Fei Yang, Jun-Hao Sun, Hong-Mei Liu, Zi-Chen Li, Jin-Shu Wang","doi":"10.1002/metm.14","DOIUrl":"10.1002/metm.14","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Magnetron is currently one kind of the most widely used vacuum electronic devices. The cathode, as the electronic source of the device, is the core of magnetrons. With the development of magnetrons, the requirements for cathode performance are also increasing, including thermal electron emission and secondary electron emission performance. This article reviews the development history of cathodes used in magnetrons, discusses the performance and application fields of various cathodes, and the relationship between performance and structure. However, there are still certain problems with various cathode materials that make it difficult to truly cover all magnetrons. The ongoing challenges relating to the magnetron cathodes have been discussed in this paper.</p>","PeriodicalId":100919,"journal":{"name":"MetalMat","volume":"1 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/metm.14","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139853982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Highly efficient electrocatalysts for seawater electrolysis under high current density: A critical review","authors":"Nutthaphak Kitiphatpiboon, Meng Chen, Changrui Feng, Shasha Li, Abuliti Abudula, Guoqing Guan","doi":"10.1002/metm.11","DOIUrl":"10.1002/metm.11","url":null,"abstract":"<p>According to the <i>International Energy Agency</i> <i>(IEA)</i> strategy, water electrolysis will be a second priority for hydrogen production by 2030, which can support sustainable development goals (SDGs). However, for the large-scale application, especially seawater electrolysis at a high current density, cost and durability of the electrocatalytic system need to be taken into account. Herein, fundamental mechanisms of seawater electrolysis in a wide range of pH values, potential electrocatalysts for overall water splitting, recent progress on synthesis electrocatalysts and basic principles for the evaluation of electrocatalysts are reviewed. Subsequently, critical parameters and issues for scaling-up of seawater electrolyzers are critically discussed. Finally, future prospects for completing sustainable hydrogen production from seawater for sustainable development are outlooked. It is anticipated to offer guidelines for the design and production of innovative electrocatalysts with high electrocatalytic activity and durability for the industrial scale application.</p>","PeriodicalId":100919,"journal":{"name":"MetalMat","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/metm.11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139446417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interface challenges and research progress toward solid polymer electrolytes-based lithium metal batteries","authors":"Dechao Zhang, Shimei Li, Qi Xiong, Zhaodong Huang, Hu Hong, Shuo Yang, Jiaxiong Zhu, Chunyi Zhi","doi":"10.1002/metm.13","DOIUrl":"10.1002/metm.13","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Solid-state lithium metal batteries (SLMBs) based on solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are a promising option for next-generation energy storage systems owing to their enhanced safety and energy density. However, the unstable interfaces resulting from continuous side reactions between electrodes and SPEs during cycling have hindered the practical application of SLMBs. In this review, we first provide an overview of the development and fundamentals of SPEs. Subsequently, the interface issues, factors influencing interface stability, and strategies to stabilize and enhance the compatibilities of the SPEs/electrodes interface are summarized. Finally, we propose perspectives on improving interface contact and stability through effective strategies for practical high-energy SLMBs. This review aims to deepen the understanding of interfacial issues between SPEs and electrodes and provide specific solutions to improve the electrochemical performances of SLMBs.</p>","PeriodicalId":100919,"journal":{"name":"MetalMat","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/metm.13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139382975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent advances and key challenges of the emerging MBenes from synthesis to applications","authors":"Zhuobin Guo, Liangzhu Zhang, Tasmia Azam, Zhong-Shuai Wu","doi":"10.1002/metm.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/metm.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal borides (MBenes) as an analog to 2D transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) have been considered promising platform materials for exploring their physical and chemical properties, due to their tunable composition, excellent stability, and good conductivity. Lots of theoretical studies have predicted possible mechanical, magnetic, and catalytic properties of MBenes, which inspired their research in energy storage and conversion applications. However, a detailed review focusing on the synthesis of high-quality MBene nanosheets and their energy-related applications is not available. In this review, MBene with different structures and the latest developments in synthesizing high-quality MBene nanosheets from top-down exfoliation and down-top chemical vapor deposition are first summarized. Then, the basic properties of MBene are investigated, including mechanical properties, metallicity, and magnetism. Next, their key applications such as hydrogen production, ammonia production, and energy storage are elaborately discussed. Finally, the future perspectives and key challenges of MBenes's synthesis and applications are briefly provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":100919,"journal":{"name":"MetalMat","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/metm.12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141967399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wen-Ze Huang, Pan Xu, Xue-Yan Huang, Chen-Zi Zhao, Xiaofei Bie, Hao Zhang, Aibing Chen, Elena Kuzmina, Elena Karaseva, Vladimir Kolosnitsyn, Ximin Zhai, Tao Jiang, Li-Zhen Fan, Deping Wang, Qiang Zhang
{"title":"Lithium metal anode: Past, present, and future","authors":"Wen-Ze Huang, Pan Xu, Xue-Yan Huang, Chen-Zi Zhao, Xiaofei Bie, Hao Zhang, Aibing Chen, Elena Kuzmina, Elena Karaseva, Vladimir Kolosnitsyn, Ximin Zhai, Tao Jiang, Li-Zhen Fan, Deping Wang, Qiang Zhang","doi":"10.1002/metm.6","DOIUrl":"10.1002/metm.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over the past three decades, lithium-based batteries have greatly influenced our daily lives. However, their limited energy density poses challenges in meeting growing demand. To increase energy density, lithium metal anode is considered critical. This review systematically examines the history of lithium metal anode development, highlights notable advances in fundamental understandings, materials design, and characterization techniques. Forthcoming opportunities are discussed to promote the practical applications of lithium metal anodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":100919,"journal":{"name":"MetalMat","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/metm.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135871715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yongteng Dong, Haocheng Ji, Xiaoxue Wu, Nengzhan Zheng, Junxiong Wang, Guanjun Ji, Yuanmao Chen, Guangmin Zhou, Zheng Liang
{"title":"Trends of sustainable recycling technology for lithium-ion batteries: Metal recovery from conventional metallurgical processes to innovative direct recycling","authors":"Yongteng Dong, Haocheng Ji, Xiaoxue Wu, Nengzhan Zheng, Junxiong Wang, Guanjun Ji, Yuanmao Chen, Guangmin Zhou, Zheng Liang","doi":"10.1002/metm.5","DOIUrl":"10.1002/metm.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The remarkable market growth of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for various applications has been witnessed in the past two decades. However, as a retirement wave of more and more LIBs approaches, the disposed end-of-life batteries represent a growing hazard to ecosystem and human health. Recycling valuable metals from those spent LIBs still remain challenging because the current conventional metallurgical recycling processes involve the emission of toxic gas and waste chemicals as well as intensive energy consumption. These processes are not considered as green recycling approaches that contradict with the principles of carbon neutrality and circular economy embraced by the world. Hence, implementing green and sustainable recycling technologies of spent LIBs, especially for cathode materials, is an urgent need. This review provides a comprehensive understanding and critical evaluation of traditional pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and state-of-the-art direct recycling for recovering valuable metal materials from the spent LIB cathode. The fundamentals, methods, efficiencies, and feasibility of the three recycling approaches are also assessed. In addition, the recent progress for green innovation of hydrometallurgical and direct recycling processes as well as the potential research tendency for spent LIBs are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":100919,"journal":{"name":"MetalMat","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/metm.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136211838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}