Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials最新文献

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Adaptivity based on error estimation for viscoplastic softening materials 基于误差估计的粘塑性软化材料的自适应性
Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials Pub Date : 2000-03-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<87::AID-CFM86>3.0.CO;2-W
Pedro Díez, Marino Arroyo, Antonio Huerta
{"title":"Adaptivity based on error estimation for viscoplastic softening materials","authors":"Pedro Díez,&nbsp;Marino Arroyo,&nbsp;Antonio Huerta","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<87::AID-CFM86>3.0.CO;2-W","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<87::AID-CFM86>3.0.CO;2-W","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper focuses on the numerical simulation of strain softening mechanical problems. Two problems arise: (1) the constitutive model has to be regular and (2) the numerical technique must be able to capture the two scales of the problem (the macroscopic geometrical representation and the microscopic behaviour in the localization bands). The Perzyna viscoplastic model is used in order to obtain a regularized softening model allowing to simulate strain localization phenomena. This model is applied to quasistatic examples. The viscous regularization of quasistatic processes is also discussed: in quasistatics, the internal length associated with the obtained band width is no longer only a function of the material parameters but also depends on the boundary value problem (geometry and loads, specially loading velocity).</p><p>An adaptive computation is applied to softening viscoplastic materials showing strain localization. As the key ingredient of the adaptive strategy, a residual-type error estimator is generalized to deal with such highly non-linear material model.</p><p>In several numerical examples the adaptive process is able to detect complex collapse modes that are not captured by a first, even if fine, mesh. Consequently, adaptive strategies are found to be essential to detect the collapse mechanism and to assess the optimal location of the elements in the mesh. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100899,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials","volume":"5 2","pages":"87-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<87::AID-CFM86>3.0.CO;2-W","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72332886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 51
The effect of volumetric strain on elastic parameters for rock salt 体积应变对岩盐弹性参数的影响
Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials Pub Date : 2000-03-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<113::AID-CFM84>3.0.CO;2-8
A. Matei, N. D. Cristescu
{"title":"The effect of volumetric strain on elastic parameters for rock salt","authors":"A. Matei,&nbsp;N. D. Cristescu","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<113::AID-CFM84>3.0.CO;2-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<113::AID-CFM84>3.0.CO;2-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An experimental program aimed at characterizing the elastic response of rock salt under both quasi-static and dynamic conditions has been performed. The program includes uniaxial short-term tests and uniaxial creep tests. During axial loading, the travel times of longitudinal and transverse elastic waves propagating in the specimen were simultaneously recorded, together with the strain state. The test results show that in uniaxial, short-term tests, the dynamically determined elastic parameters vary in a similar way as does the irreversible volumetric strain, i.e. they increase in the compressibility domain, are nearly constant in the transition zone from compressibility to dilatancy, and decrease in the dilatancy domain. In creep tests, the variation is more complicated: the elastic parameters vary immediately after stress application, but continue to vary slowly in time when stress is kept constant. Moreover, both <i>G</i> and <i>K</i> increase with time when <i>ϵ</i><sup>I</sup><sub>ν</sub> increases and vice versa (superscript I stands for ‘irreversible’ and subscript <i>ν</i> for ‘volumetric’). It appears that the elastic parameters depend on the strain history or, perhaps on some other type of damage parameters. Thus, the non-constant elastic parameters governing the ‘instantaneous’ response in an elastic/ viscoplastic constitutive equation that describes compressibility and/or dilatancy and damage (as the total energy released by microcracking during dilatancy) were determined. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","PeriodicalId":100899,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials","volume":"5 2","pages":"113-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<113::AID-CFM84>3.0.CO;2-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72297166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Adaptivity based on error estimation for viscoplastic softening materials 基于误差估计的粘塑性软化材料自适应研究
Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials Pub Date : 2000-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<87::AID-CFM86>3.0.CO;2-W
P. Díez, M. Arroyo, A. Huerta
{"title":"Adaptivity based on error estimation for viscoplastic softening materials","authors":"P. Díez, M. Arroyo, A. Huerta","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<87::AID-CFM86>3.0.CO;2-W","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<87::AID-CFM86>3.0.CO;2-W","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the numerical simulation of strain softening mechanical problems. Two problems arise: (1) the constitutive model has to be regular and (2) the numerical technique must be able to capture the two scales of the problem (the macroscopic geometrical representation and the microscopic behaviour in the localization bands). The Perzyna viscoplastic model is used in order to obtain a regularized softening model allowing to simulate strain localization phenomena. This model is applied to quasistatic examples. The viscous regularization of quasistatic processes is also discussed: in quasistatics, the internal length associated with the obtained band width is no longer only a function of the material parameters but also depends on the boundary value problem (geometry and loads, specially loading velocity). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000An adaptive computation is applied to softening viscoplastic materials showing strain localization. As the key ingredient of the adaptive strategy, a residual-type error estimator is generalized to deal with such highly non-linear material model. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000In several numerical examples the adaptive process is able to detect complex collapse modes that are not captured by a first, even if fine, mesh. Consequently, adaptive strategies are found to be essential to detect the collapse mechanism and to assess the optimal location of the elements in the mesh. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","PeriodicalId":100899,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials","volume":"11 1","pages":"87-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85888160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 51
The effect of volumetric strain on elastic parameters for rock salt 体积应变对岩盐弹性参数的影响
Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials Pub Date : 2000-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<113::AID-CFM84>3.0.CO;2-8
Ani Matei, N. Cristescu
{"title":"The effect of volumetric strain on elastic parameters for rock salt","authors":"Ani Matei, N. Cristescu","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<113::AID-CFM84>3.0.CO;2-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<113::AID-CFM84>3.0.CO;2-8","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental program aimed at characterizing the elastic response of rock salt under both quasi-static and dynamic conditions has been performed. The program includes uniaxial short-term tests and uniaxial creep tests. During axial loading, the travel times of longitudinal and transverse elastic waves propagating in the specimen were simultaneously recorded, together with the strain state. The test results show that in uniaxial, short-term tests, the dynamically determined elastic parameters vary in a similar way as does the irreversible volumetric strain, i.e. they increase in the compressibility domain, are nearly constant in the transition zone from compressibility to dilatancy, and decrease in the dilatancy domain. In creep tests, the variation is more complicated: the elastic parameters vary immediately after stress application, but continue to vary slowly in time when stress is kept constant. Moreover, both G and K increase with time when ϵIν increases and vice versa (superscript I stands for ‘irreversible’ and subscript ν for ‘volumetric’). It appears that the elastic parameters depend on the strain history or, perhaps on some other type of damage parameters. Thus, the non-constant elastic parameters governing the ‘instantaneous’ response in an elastic/ viscoplastic constitutive equation that describes compressibility and/or dilatancy and damage (as the total energy released by microcracking during dilatancy) were determined. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","PeriodicalId":100899,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials","volume":"106 1","pages":"113-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80592873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Conditions for embedding Casagrande's critical states into hypoplasticity 将卡萨格兰德临界状态嵌入低塑性的条件
Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials Pub Date : 2000-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<125::AID-CFM85>3.0.CO;2-0
E. Bauer
{"title":"Conditions for embedding Casagrande's critical states into hypoplasticity","authors":"E. Bauer","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<125::AID-CFM85>3.0.CO;2-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<125::AID-CFM85>3.0.CO;2-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100899,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials","volume":"19 1","pages":"125-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89796485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 84
Study of poroelasticity material coefficients as response of microstructure 孔隙弹性材料系数作为微观结构响应的研究
Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials Pub Date : 2000-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<149::AID-CFM89>3.0.CO;2-F
D. Lydzba, J. Shao
{"title":"Study of poroelasticity material coefficients as response of microstructure","authors":"D. Lydzba, J. Shao","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<149::AID-CFM89>3.0.CO;2-F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200002)5:2<149::AID-CFM89>3.0.CO;2-F","url":null,"abstract":"Using an asymptotic homogenization method, the effect of the porous medium microstructure on the values of poroelastic coefficients is studied in this paper. First, the Biot’s poroelasticity theory and general relations linking the macroscopic poroelastic coefficients with the averaged micromechanical solutions are recalled. Considering a variational formulation of appropriate boundary values problems stated for the representative volume element, microstructural parameters affecting the values of poroelastic coefficients are identified. In order to clarify specific roles of some relevant microstructure parameters, numerical investigations for some simplified pores geometries are presented. The numerical results obtained clearly show a strong dependence of the poroelastic coefficients on the internal geometry of pores as well as on the global porosity of the medium. In the last part, based on the micromechanics analysis, the definition of initial plastic yield condition for saturated porous media is introduced and a new interpretation of the effective stress concept in inelastic domain is proposed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","PeriodicalId":100899,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials","volume":"12 1","pages":"149-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81333839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 72
Localization criteria for non-linear constitutive equations of geomaterials 岩土材料非线性本构方程的局部化准则
Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<61::AID-CFM83>3.0.CO;2-M
René Chambon, Stéphane Crochepeyre, Jacques Desrues
{"title":"Localization criteria for non-linear constitutive equations of geomaterials","authors":"René Chambon,&nbsp;Stéphane Crochepeyre,&nbsp;Jacques Desrues","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<61::AID-CFM83>3.0.CO;2-M","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<61::AID-CFM83>3.0.CO;2-M","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is devoted to two specific aspects of shear band analysis for geomaterials, which are basically, non-standard materials. Problems arising from incremental non-linearity (multilinear or thoroughly non-linear models) and consequences of discontinuities of the constitutive equations with respect to loading parameters, are especially investigated. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","PeriodicalId":100899,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials","volume":"5 1","pages":"61-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<61::AID-CFM83>3.0.CO;2-M","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72329862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 71
Microstructural approach and transfer water modelling in highly compacted unsaturated swelling clays 高度压实非饱和膨胀粘土的微观结构方法和输水模型
Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<41::AID-CFM75>3.0.CO;2-N
N. Saiyouri, P. Y. Hicher, D. Tessier
{"title":"Microstructural approach and transfer water modelling in highly compacted unsaturated swelling clays","authors":"N. Saiyouri,&nbsp;P. Y. Hicher,&nbsp;D. Tessier","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<41::AID-CFM75>3.0.CO;2-N","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<41::AID-CFM75>3.0.CO;2-N","url":null,"abstract":"A compacted smectite clay was studied in order to understand the swelling phenomenon. The influence of the sample initial state on the swelling mechanisms was demonstrated. A complete physical–chemical and mineralogical characterization of the clay was achieved using X-ray by reflexion and thermal methods. The X-ray diffraction by transmission method allowed to describe the various levels of the hydrated clay organization and the microstructure evolution. The pore distribution and the water partition are shown. Other important parameters: water retention, inter-layer distances, particle size, number of layers per particle were examined. This information gives the ability to follow the swelling which occurred in two steps, and to calculate the swelling potential versus the water content, or the void ratio. In application to this study, a water transfer in unsaturated clay was studied with the laws of continuous medium mechanics. A finite difference program was used to examine two cases: prevented and free swelling in an oedometer. In order to take into account the material deformation, the swelling potential was introduced in the diffusion coefficients. The simulation results of the water transfer obtained on this basis, were in good agreement with the experiments. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","PeriodicalId":100899,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials","volume":"5 1","pages":"41-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<41::AID-CFM75>3.0.CO;2-N","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72329859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 127
THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD IN THE STATIC AND DYNAMIC DEFORMATION AND CONSOLIDATION OF POROUS MEDIA, 2nd edn, R. W. Lewis and B. A. Schrefler, Wiley, Chichester, 1998. ISBN 0-471-92809-7. GB£75.00. 多孔介质静态和动态变形与固结的有限元方法,第2版,R.W.Lewis和B.A.Schrefler,Wiley,Chichester,1998。是0-471-92809-7。GB 75.00英镑。
Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<85::AID-CFM94>3.0.CO;2-8
Roberto Nova
{"title":"THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD IN THE STATIC AND DYNAMIC DEFORMATION AND CONSOLIDATION OF POROUS MEDIA, 2nd edn, R. W. Lewis and B. A. Schrefler, Wiley, Chichester, 1998. ISBN 0-471-92809-7. GB£75.00.","authors":"Roberto Nova","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<85::AID-CFM94>3.0.CO;2-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<85::AID-CFM94>3.0.CO;2-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100899,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials","volume":"5 1","pages":"85-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<85::AID-CFM94>3.0.CO;2-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72329861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Constitutive testing of Red Wildmoor sandstone Red Wildmoor砂岩的本构试验
Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<1::AID-CFM74>3.0.CO;2-H
E. Papamichos, J. Tronvoll, I. Vardoulakis, J. F. Labuz, A. Skjærstein, T. E. Unander, J. Sulem
{"title":"Constitutive testing of Red Wildmoor sandstone","authors":"E. Papamichos,&nbsp;J. Tronvoll,&nbsp;I. Vardoulakis,&nbsp;J. F. Labuz,&nbsp;A. Skjærstein,&nbsp;T. E. Unander,&nbsp;J. Sulem","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<1::AID-CFM74>3.0.CO;2-H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<1::AID-CFM74>3.0.CO;2-H","url":null,"abstract":"The first objective of this research was to improve the experimental measurements for the constitutive behaviour of Red Wildmoor sandstone by optimizing the boundary conditions and specimen geometry, and improving the triaxial test instrumentation. The uniformity of deformation of the rock specimen was improved by minimizing specimen bulging due to specimen slenderness and end-surface frictional constraints. The improvements in the instrumentation were aimed at improving the monitoring of the applied forces, axial and radial deformations, and macroscopic rock failure through use of high precision LVDTs and cantilever gauges, acoustic emission measurements and acoustic pulse transmission velocities. The second objective was to obtain test data for the constitutive modelling and calibration of Red Wildmoor sandstone under various saturating conditions and saturation fluids. An additional task was an experi mental study for the improvement of the uniaxial compression test as an index text for rock mechanics applications. The performed modifications allowed the reliable collection of post-peak stress test data of material softening behaviour, and the identification of the point of macroscopic failure of the specimen beyond which the test data cannot be used directly for continuum modelling of material behaviour. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","PeriodicalId":100899,"journal":{"name":"Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(200001)5:1<1::AID-CFM74>3.0.CO;2-H","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72329863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 39
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