IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors最新文献_第4页

Channel Modeling Framework for Both Communications and Bistatic Sensing Under 3GPP Standard 3GPP 标准下的通信和双向传感信道建模框架

IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1109/JSAS.2024.3451411

Chenhao Luo;Aimin Tang;Fei Gao;Jianguo Liu;Xudong Wang

{"title":"Channel Modeling Framework for Both Communications and Bistatic Sensing Under 3GPP Standard","authors":"Chenhao Luo;Aimin Tang;Fei Gao;Jianguo Liu;Xudong Wang","doi":"10.1109/JSAS.2024.3451411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAS.2024.3451411","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) is considered a promising technology in the beyond 5G/6G networks. The channel model is essential for an ISAC system to evaluate the communication and sensing performance. Most existing channel modeling studies focus on the monostatic ISAC channel. In this article, the channel modeling framework for bistatic ISAC is considered. The proposed channel modeling framework extends the current 3GPP channel modeling framework and ensures the compatibility with the communication channel model. To support the bistatic sensing function, several key features for sensing are added. First, more clusters with weaker power are generated and retained to characterize the potential sensing targets. Second, the target model can be either deterministic or statistical, based on different sensing scenarios. Furthermore, for the statistical case, different reflection models are employed in the generation of rays, taking into account spatial coherence. The effectiveness of the proposed bistatic ISAC channel model framework is validated by both ray tracing simulations and experiment studies. The compatibility with the 3GPP communication channel model and how to use this framework for sensing evaluation are also demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":100622,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors","volume":"1 ","pages":"166-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10659127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142275014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

ISAC-Fi: Enabling Full-Fledged Monostatic Sensing Over Wi-Fi Communication ISAC-Fi：通过 Wi-Fi 通信实现全面的单静态传感

IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1109/JSAS.2024.3443248

Zhe Chen;Chao Hu;Tianyue Zheng;Hangcheng Cao;Yanbing Yang;Yen Chu;Hongbo Jiang;Jun Luo

{"title":"ISAC-Fi: Enabling Full-Fledged Monostatic Sensing Over Wi-Fi Communication","authors":"Zhe Chen;Chao Hu;Tianyue Zheng;Hangcheng Cao;Yanbing Yang;Yen Chu;Hongbo Jiang;Jun Luo","doi":"10.1109/JSAS.2024.3443248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAS.2024.3443248","url":null,"abstract":"Although Wi-Fi communications have been exploited for sensing purpose for over a decade, the \u0000<italic>bistatic</i>\u0000 or \u0000<italic>multistatic</i>\u0000 nature of Wi-Fi still poses multiple challenges, hampering real-life deployment of \u0000<italic>integrated sensing and communication</i>\u0000 (ISAC) within the Wi-Fi framework. In this article, we aim to redesign Wi-Fi so that \u0000<italic>monostatic</i>\u0000 sensing (mimicking radar) can be achieved over the multistatic communication infrastructure. Specifically, we propose, design, and implement ISAC-Fi as an ISAC-ready Wi-Fi prototype. We first present a novel self-interference cancellation scheme, in order to extract reflected (radio frequency) signals for sensing purpose in the face of transmissions. We then subtly revise the existing Wi-Fi framework so as to seamlessly operate monostatic sensing under the Wi-Fi communication standard. Finally, we offer two ISAC-Fi designs: 1) a Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP)-based design emulates a totally redesigned ISAC-Fi device and 2) another plug-and-play design allows for backward compatibility by attaching an extra module to an arbitrary Wi-Fi device. We perform extensive experiments to validate the efficacy of ISAC-Fi and also to demonstrate its superiority over existing Wi-Fi sensing proposals.","PeriodicalId":100622,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors","volume":"1 ","pages":"139-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10636274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142143600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

UAV-Aided Localization and Communication: Joint Frame Structure, Beamwidth, and Power Allocation 无人机辅助定位与通信：联合帧结构、波束宽度和功率分配

IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1109/JSAS.2024.3439272

Tianhao Liang;Tingting Zhang;Sheng Zhou;Wentao Liu;Dong Li;Qinyu Zhang

{"title":"UAV-Aided Localization and Communication: Joint Frame Structure, Beamwidth, and Power Allocation","authors":"Tianhao Liang;Tingting Zhang;Sheng Zhou;Wentao Liu;Dong Li;Qinyu Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JSAS.2024.3439272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAS.2024.3439272","url":null,"abstract":"In wireless sensors networks, integrating localization and communication technique is crucial for efficient spectrum and hardware utilizations. In this article, we present a novel framework of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-aided localization and communication for ground node (GN), where the average spectral efficiency (SE) is used to reveal the intricate relationship among the frame structure, channel estimation error, and localization accuracy. In particular, we first derive the lower bounds for channel estimation error and the 3-D location prediction error, respectively. Leveraging these comprehensive analysis, we formulate a problem to maximize the average SE in the UAV–GN communication, where the frame structure, beamwidth, and power allocation can be jointly optimized. Subsequently, we propose an efficient iterative algorithm to address this nonconvex problem with closed-form expressions for beamwidth design and power allocation. Numerical results demonstrate that the performance of our proposed method can approach the upper bound with low complexity, and achieve over 70% performance gain compared with communication-only benchmarks. In addition, the analysis highlights the dominated impacts of the Doppler effect on the average SE.","PeriodicalId":100622,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors","volume":"1 ","pages":"154-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10623800","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142169697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Selecting and Evaluating Key MDS-UPDRS Activities Using Wearable Devices for Parkinson's Disease Self-Assessment 使用可穿戴设备选择和评估用于帕金森病自我评估的关键 MDS-UPDRS 活动

IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1109/JSAS.2024.3432714

Yuting Zhao;Xulong Wang;Xiyang Peng;Ziheng Li;Fengtao Nan;Menghui Zhou;Jun Qi;Yun Yang;Zhong Zhao;Lida Xu;Po Yang

{"title":"Selecting and Evaluating Key MDS-UPDRS Activities Using Wearable Devices for Parkinson's Disease Self-Assessment","authors":"Yuting Zhao;Xulong Wang;Xiyang Peng;Ziheng Li;Fengtao Nan;Menghui Zhou;Jun Qi;Yun Yang;Zhong Zhao;Lida Xu;Po Yang","doi":"10.1109/JSAS.2024.3432714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAS.2024.3432714","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. This disease has no cure, but assessing these motor symptoms will help slow down that progression. Inertial sensing-based wearable devices, such as mobile phones and smartwatches have been widely employed to analyze the condition of PD patients. However, most studies purely focused on a single activity or symptom, which may ignore the correlation between activities and complementary characteristics. In this article, a novel technical pipeline is proposed for fine-grained classification of PD severity grades, which identify the most representative activities. We also propose a multiactivities combination scheme based on MDS-UPDRS. Utilizing this scheme, symptom-related and complementary activities are captured. We collected 85 PD subjects of different severity grades using a single wrist sensor. Our best results demonstrate F1 scores of 95.75\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 for PD diagnosis and the fine-grained classification accuracy of PD disease grade is 82.41\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 when combing four activities which improved by 11.02\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 over a single activity. The experiments and theoretical analyses can serve as a useful foundation for future investigations into the effect of proposed solutions for PD diagnosis in uncontrolled environment setup, ultimately leading to self-PD assessment in the home environment.","PeriodicalId":100622,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors","volume":"1 ","pages":"177-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10607854","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142408788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reconfigurable Beamforming for Automotive Radar Sensing and Communication: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach 用于汽车雷达传感和通信的可重构波束成形：深度强化学习方法

IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1109/JSAS.2024.3431462

Lifan Xu;Shunqiao Sun;Yimin D. Zhang;Athina P. Petropulu

{"title":"Reconfigurable Beamforming for Automotive Radar Sensing and Communication: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","authors":"Lifan Xu;Shunqiao Sun;Yimin D. Zhang;Athina P. Petropulu","doi":"10.1109/JSAS.2024.3431462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAS.2024.3431462","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we present a novel low-cost, dual-function radar-communication system that addresses dynamic environments such as those arising in automotive applications. The low cost is achieved by using a sparse phased arrays equipped with quantized double-phase shifters. The operation in dynamic environments is achieved via a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach that adaptively selects a small subset of transmit antennas and adjusts the phase shifters such that the transmitted energy is concentrated on the communication user and the target of interest, while the interference to other radars is reduced. The action space in the DRL approach increases fast with the number of antennas and the number of bits used in quantization, and as a result the complexity of the design problem grows exponentially. To tackle the resulting curse of dimensionality in the action space, we adopt the Wolpertinger strategy, which incorporates the nearest neighborhood component to project the vast action space into a smaller, more manageable space while maintaining the desired performance. Numerical results demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed method.","PeriodicalId":100622,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors","volume":"1 ","pages":"124-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10605037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141991486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Robust Beamforming Design for Integrated Sensing and Communication Systems 综合传感与通信系统的鲁棒波束成形设计

IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1109/JSAS.2024.3421391

Yongjun Xu;Na Cao;Yi Jin;Haibo Zhang;Chongwen Huang;Qianbin Chen;Chau Yuen

{"title":"Robust Beamforming Design for Integrated Sensing and Communication Systems","authors":"Yongjun Xu;Na Cao;Yi Jin;Haibo Zhang;Chongwen Huang;Qianbin Chen;Chau Yuen","doi":"10.1109/JSAS.2024.3421391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAS.2024.3421391","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) can improve spectral, energy, and transmission efficiency. To overcome the impact of channel uncertainties, we investigate a robust beamforming design problem for a multiple-input single-output based ISAC system with imperfect channel state information (CSI), where a multiantenna base station (BS) serves multiple wireless users and obtains state information of a point target. Based on bounded CSI error models, a total throughput maximization problem is formulated under the constraints of the minimum rate threshold of each communication user, sensing performance based on Cramér–Rao lower bound thresholds, and the maximum transmit power of the BS. The formulated problem with parameter perturbations belongs to a nonconvex one that is challenging to solve. To address this complexity, an iterative robust beamforming algorithm is designed by employing S-procedure, semidefinite relaxation technique, Schur complementarity conditions, and successive convex approximation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits better convergence and stronger robustness.","PeriodicalId":100622,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors","volume":"1 ","pages":"114-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10582401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141729937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Point Cloud Densification Based on Scene Flow Estimation and Kalman Refinement 基于场景流估计和卡尔曼细化的点云致密化

IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1109/JSAS.2024.3417309

Yufei Que;Luqin Ye;Jie Xie;Jin Zhang;Junzhe Ding;Cheng Wu

{"title":"Point Cloud Densification Based on Scene Flow Estimation and Kalman Refinement","authors":"Yufei Que;Luqin Ye;Jie Xie;Jin Zhang;Junzhe Ding;Cheng Wu","doi":"10.1109/JSAS.2024.3417309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAS.2024.3417309","url":null,"abstract":"Point cloud densification is an effective measure to alleviate the sparseness of point clouds. In 3-D vision, the positional relationship of multiframe point clouds is applied to point cloud densification research to explain the rationality of the source of supplementary points. Among them, scene flow estimation is effective for dynamic scenes. However, scene flow estimation of long-sequence dynamic point clouds is prone to cumulative positioning errors. In order to solve this problem, this article proposes to correct the scene flow estimation results from a timing perspective based on Kalman filtering. Specifically, the scene flow estimation model is first optimized according to the pyramid structure to improve the reliability of point cloud feature extraction. Then, combined with the temporal relationship of the point clouds in the previous and later frames, the point cloud is reconstructed uniformly to complete the densification of the point cloud. Finally, the densified point cloud is applied to the 3-D detection task. Results on the KITTI 3-D tracking dataset show that the point cloud densification method based on scene flow estimation can effectively improve the performance of LiDAR-only detectors.","PeriodicalId":100622,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors","volume":"1 ","pages":"190-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10566020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142408982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Deep Nonconnectionist Learning Framework for Industrial Data Modeling 工业数据建模的深度非连接学习框架

IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1109/JSAS.2024.3404416

Yongxuan Chen;Dianhui Wang

{"title":"A Deep Nonconnectionist Learning Framework for Industrial Data Modeling","authors":"Yongxuan Chen;Dianhui Wang","doi":"10.1109/JSAS.2024.3404416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAS.2024.3404416","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the extensive applications of deep neural networks in data modeling filed, there are still some obvious deficiencies for the implementation in modern industrial cases. There are mainly reflected in the following aspects: first, the architectures are difficult to configure; second, the modeling process is time-consuming; third, the training procedure easily falls into the local optimum situation. To overcome these problems, exploring the nonconnectionist learning model has become a popular topic recently. This article proposes a deep nonconnectionist learning model based on kernel principal component regression (KPCR), which is referred to as stacked KPCR (SKPCR). By stacking multiple KPCR modules, a multilayer learning model is constructed by adopting hierarchical feature extraction. In SKPCR, the model structure is determined incrementally and there is only one parameter needed to be configured for each layer. Furthermore, an enhanced learning strategy is designed for alleviating the information loss problem in the training process. An actual industrial case is used to validate the effectiveness, including the prediction performance and modeling efficiency, of our proposed method.","PeriodicalId":100622,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors","volume":"1 ","pages":"105-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10549772","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141474932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Tuned Microwave Resonator on Flexible Substrate for Nondestructive Water Content Sensing in Fruits 用于无损检测水果含水量的柔性基底调谐微波谐振器

IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1109/JSAS.2024.3409229

Sen Bing;Khengdauliu Chawang;Jung-Chih Chiao

{"title":"A Tuned Microwave Resonator on Flexible Substrate for Nondestructive Water Content Sensing in Fruits","authors":"Sen Bing;Khengdauliu Chawang;Jung-Chih Chiao","doi":"10.1109/JSAS.2024.3409229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAS.2024.3409229","url":null,"abstract":"This work aims to develop a planar microwave sensor fabricated on a flexible polyimide substrate to monitor the water content of fruits nondestructively. The sensor is based on a planar loop resonator tuned with a concentric metal pad that features improved resonance, compact size, and flexibility to conform to the curved surface of the fruit. The sensing mechanism is to detect electromagnetic resonance that is susceptible to dielectric property changes by water content variations. The robust resonance provides electric fields that penetrate deeper into the fruit tissues, compared with an untuned one, with a sufficient spectral resolution to reach high sensitivity. Experiments were conducted, including long-term continuous water content monitoring and total water content measurements. The sensors demonstrated clear frequency shifting trends when fresh apples became dehydrated, and their initial resonant frequencies indicated total water contents. Simulations were conducted to examine measurement discrepancies induced by inhomogeneous water evaporation and surface curvatures. The feasibility of sensing the watercore defects inside apples was demonstrated with simulations. In addition, the sensor was used to demonstrate the feasibility of measuring water content in potatoes. The promising results show the great potential of the noninvasive and continuous water-content sensor applications in agriculture to study the growth, maturity, anomaly, and storage of fruits and in food processing applications to achieve optimal quality.","PeriodicalId":100622,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors","volume":"1 ","pages":"93-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10547410","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141435267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A 24-GHz Frequency-Locked Loop-Based Microwave Microfluidic Sensor for Concentration Detection 用于浓度检测的基于 24 GHz 锁频环的微波微流控传感器

IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1109/JSAS.2024.3395424

Hsiu-Che Chang;Chung-Tse Michael Wu;Chao-Hsiung Tseng

{"title":"A 24-GHz Frequency-Locked Loop-Based Microwave Microfluidic Sensor for Concentration Detection","authors":"Hsiu-Che Chang;Chung-Tse Michael Wu;Chao-Hsiung Tseng","doi":"10.1109/JSAS.2024.3395424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAS.2024.3395424","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a 24-GHz microfluidic sensor using frequency-locked loop (FLL) technology for detecting liquid concentrations. The sensor, based on FLL, features a microfluidic channel placed over an asymmetrical coplanar waveguide resonator (ACPWR) that functions as a sensing device. For testing purposes, we use ethanol–water mixtures and glucose–water solutions as the liquid under test. Due to the electric field distribution in media with varying dielectric constants, the phase of the signal undergoes different phase deviations. The FLL-based sensor is capable of detecting these phase deviations and, in response, produces a frequency-modulated signal. This signal is subsequently demodulated into a corresponding voltage with the aid of a frequency demodulator, realized through a phase detector. Consequently, the sensor demonstrates the capability to differentiate between tested liquids of varying concentrations and offers a linear response that correlates the output voltage with the liquid concentration. The proposed 24-GHz FLL microfluidic sensor offers advantages, such as cost effective, high sensitivity, and compact size. It has a great possibility to implement this sensor using the system-on-chip technology. As it combined with Internet of Things technologies, it may have a capability of real-time biomedical specimen sensing for daily life.","PeriodicalId":100622,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Sensors","volume":"1 ","pages":"20-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10510576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141078789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0