Chemical Health and Safety最新文献

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The incorporation of hazard reduction as a chemical design criterion in green chemistry 将减少危害作为绿色化学设计的标准
Chemical Health and Safety Pub Date : 2005-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.chs.2004.10.001
Nicholas D. Anastas, John C. Warner
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引用次数: 22
Safety of chlorine production and chlorination processes 氯生产和氯化过程的安全
Chemical Health and Safety Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.chs.2004.08.002
Jean-Louis Gustin
{"title":"Safety of chlorine production and chlorination processes","authors":"Jean-Louis Gustin","doi":"10.1016/j.chs.2004.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chs.2004.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Most chlorine production is obtained by electrolysis of NaCl aqueous solution. Other processes to produce chlorine involve the electrolysis of KCl or HCl aqueous solutions, the electrolysis of molten NaCl at high temperature and the Deacon process. In most cases, chlorine is a by-product in the production of caustic soda, potassium hydroxide, sodium metal or is recovered from HCl using HCl aqueous solution electrolysis or gas–solid reaction in the Deacon process.</p><p>Chlorination reactions are part of various processes in the chemical industry, to manufacture heavy chemicals, specialty chemicals, pesticides and pharmaceuticals, in inorganic and organic chemistry. They are valuable tools in organic synthesis.</p><p>The hazards of chlorine production and chlorination processes involve:</p><ul><li><span>-</span><span><p>Gas phase explosion, i.e., self-ignition, deflagration and detonation in the gas phase.</p></span></li><li><span>-</span><span><p>Runaway reaction or thermal explosion, deflagration and detonation in the condensed phase.</p></span></li></ul><p>Gas phase explosion hazard with chlorine as an oxidizer is present in the production of chlorine by electrolysis, in gas phase chlorination processes and in chlorination reactions carried out in the condensed phase.</p><p>Gas phase chlorination processes are continuous processes operating either in the flammable range like burners or outside the flammable range in loop reactors or loop processes where chlorine is the controlling reactant.</p><p>When chlorination is carried out by chlorine injection in the liquid phase, gas phase explosion hazard is related to chlorine evolution in the vapour phase, giving a flammable mixture with the solvent or reaction mixture vapour. Hazard assessment is achieved by comparing the gas phase composition with the flammable area of the gaseous mixture. Self-ignition is also considered because the self-ignition temperature of gaseous fuels in chlorine atmosphere is lower than in air or oxygen and often close to the ambient temperature.</p><p>The relevant flammability data is the flammability limits, LFL, UFL, minimum oxidizer concentration (MOC), auto-ignition temperature (AIT), of fuels in chlorine and the explosion characteristics <em>P</em><sub>max</sub> and <em>K</em><sub>G</sub> for deflagration in chlorine.</p><p>A collection of flammability data is given for the reader convenience, collected in the literature or obtained in our own experimental facility, a specially designed 20<!--> <!-->L Hastelloy C 276 sphere with 200<!--> <!-->bar pressure resistance, ambient to 300<!--> <!-->°C initial temperature, easily opened for frequent cleaning. This apparatus allows precise determination of the flammability limits, self-ignition temperature, explosion overpressure, rate of pressure rise and flame speed.</p><p>Runaway reaction hazards in chlorination reactions are related to a series of dangerous process situations or process deviations such as:</p><ul>","PeriodicalId":100232,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Health and Safety","volume":"12 1","pages":"Pages 5-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.chs.2004.08.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"518571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Happy New Year! 新年快乐!
Chemical Health and Safety Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.chs.2004.11.002
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引用次数: 1
What are building codes? 什么是建筑规范?
Chemical Health and Safety Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.chs.2004.09.012
Janet Baum
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引用次数: 12
One for the money, two to make ready 一个拿钱,两个准备
Chemical Health and Safety Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.chs.2004.11.011
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引用次数: 0
News & Views 新闻及观点
Chemical Health and Safety Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.chs.2004.11.005
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引用次数: 0
NIOSH education and research centers NIOSH教育和研究中心
Chemical Health and Safety Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.chs.2004.11.010
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引用次数: 0
Author's Guide 作者指南
Chemical Health and Safety Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1074-9098(04)00161-3
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引用次数: 0
Mix and match 混合搭配
Chemical Health and Safety Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.chs.2004.11.009
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引用次数: 0
In Memory—Warren K. Kingsley, 1929–2004 在记忆中——沃伦·k·金斯利1929-2004
Chemical Health and Safety Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.chs.2004.11.012
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引用次数: 0
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