Brain and Development Case Reports最新文献

{"title":"Greetings from the New Editor-in-Chief","authors":"Tomohiro Chiyonobu","doi":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2026.100146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2026.100146","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100196,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Development Case Reports","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148183891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction of the new editor-in-chief of Brain and Development Case Reports","authors":"Shinji Saitoh","doi":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2026.100145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2026.100145","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100196,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Development Case Reports","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148183890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axonal polyneuropathy and intellectual disability caused by biallelic NEMF variants identified by reviewing the previously acquired whole exome sequencing data: A case report","authors":"Konomi Shimoda ,&nbsp;Shota Kato ,&nbsp;Yuki Taniguchi ,&nbsp;Yutaka Harita ,&nbsp;Masashi Mizuguchi ,&nbsp;Motohiro Kato","doi":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2025.100122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2025.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Biallelic loss-of-function variants in the nuclear export mediator factor (<em>NEMF</em>) gene are associated with a rare autosomal recessive neuropathy characterized by motor-predominant axonal polyneuropathy and variable intellectual disability. Since its first report in 2017, most cases have been described in individuals of Middle Eastern origin.</div></div><div><h3>Case presentation</h3><div>We describe a Japanese boy with infantile-onset chronic motor axonal polyneuropathy and mild intellectual delay. Muscle weakness gradually progressed from distal to proximal muscles. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy resulted in only partial and temporary improvement. By age five, he became non-ambulatory and required intermittent ventilatory support. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) performed in 2016 failed to identify a genetic diagnosis. However, reanalysis of the same WES data in 2022 revealed two biallelic pathogenic splice-site variants in the <em>NEMF</em> gene—c.945+1delG (maternal) and c.2929-2A&gt;G (paternal)—both predicted to cause aberrant splicing and premature translation termination. RNA analysis confirmed these findings. Public transcriptomic data from <em>NEMF</em>-knockdown cells revealed upregulation of immune-related gene sets, potentially explaining the transient response to IVIG.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This is the first reported case of <em>NEMF</em>-related neuropathy in East Asia. Our findings suggest that immune dysregulation may contribute to the disease mechanism in some cases. Furthermore, this case illustrates that in some rare diseases, reviewing previous next-generation sequencing (NGS) data that initially yielded no significant findings may lead to diagnostic success, thanks to the rapidly expanding body of knowledge on genotype–phenotype correlations. Periodic reinterpretation of genomic data can therefore be a valuable strategy in undiagnosed rare conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100196,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Development Case Reports","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of venous-pattern brain injury in early infantile parechovirus encephalitis: A serial MRI study from onset to recovery – a case report","authors":"Koyo Yamaguchi ,&nbsp;Yurie Nishizawa ,&nbsp;Yoshishige Miyake ,&nbsp;Sachiko Shimozato ,&nbsp;Kenji Yokochi","doi":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2026.100129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2026.100129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Human parechovirus is a major cause of encephalitis in the neonatal and early infantile periods, with the white matter frequently reported as the primary site of pathology. However, the mechanisms underlying the development of these lesions are poorly understood.</div></div><div><h3>Case presentation</h3><div>A female infant with an uneventful prenatal and perinatal history developed a fever on day of life 34. From illness day 2, she experienced clustered seizures, which resolved by day 7. A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) polymerase chain reaction confirmed the diagnosis of parechovirus encephalitis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple areas of reduced apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and diffuse white matter abnormalities. During the clinical course, a distinct pattern emerged in which the anterior white matter showed T2 hypointensity, while the posterior white matter exhibited T2 hyperintensity. At the 6-month follow-up, no significant neurological abnormalities were noted.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>MRI findings in this case can be explained by dysfunction of the cerebral venous system. These observations suggest that the white matter abnormalities observed in parechovirus encephalitis may be of venous origin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100196,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Development Case Reports","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fulminant central demyelinating lesions associated with infliximab treatment in a child with Crohn's disease: A case report","authors":"Azusa Ikeda ,&nbsp;Megumi Tsuji ,&nbsp;Yuta Fujii ,&nbsp;Noriko Aida ,&nbsp;Tomohide Goto","doi":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2025.100124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2025.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Infliximab is a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) inhibitor used for treating rheumatic disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and other conditions. Despite the recent increase in reports of central demyelinating lesions associated with the use of TNFα inhibitors, most cases have been observed in adults with gradual onset and only mild neurological sequelae. We report a pediatric case of fulminant demyelinating lesions associated with infliximab administration.</div></div><div><h3>Case presentation</h3><div>Our patient was an 8-year-old male diagnosed with ileocolonic Crohn's disease. Around 6 h after his second infliximab administration, he developed headache, eye pain, nausea, and loss of consciousness. He was subsequently intubated due to respiratory depression. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a prominent mass effect in the pons with diffusion restriction extending from the brain stem to the cervical spinal cord, as well as scattered lesions in the deep gray matter and cerebral hemispheres with hemorrhage. The lesion distribution was similar to that of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Furthermore, the rapid progression of symptoms and intracerebral bleeding were consistent with those observed in acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, a severe variant of ADEM. Despite performing plasma exchange and steroid pulse therapy, the patient remained unconscious with quadriplegia and severe brainstem dysfunction and was maintained on tracheostomy-based ventilation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Although extremely rare, central demyelinating lesions associated with TNFα inhibitors can develop among pediatric cases. Clinicians should therefore be aware of the possibility of a fulminant course in children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100196,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Development Case Reports","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early-onset ROHHAD-NET syndrome with severe sleep-related respiratory distress: A case report","authors":"Yudai Hirakawa ,&nbsp;Masanori Nishi ,&nbsp;Naoya Higuchi ,&nbsp;Hiroi Eguchi ,&nbsp;Takuji Nakamura ,&nbsp;Yuya Ito ,&nbsp;Takaharu Yamada ,&nbsp;Masafumi Sanefuji ,&nbsp;Akari Nakamura-Utsunomiya ,&nbsp;Muneaki Matsuo","doi":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2025.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2025.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Rapid-onset obesity with hypoventilation, hypothalamic dysfunction, and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD) is a rare pediatric disorder often associated with neuroendocrine tumors (ROHHAD-NET). Recent studies have identified serum anti-ZSCAN1 antibodies in most patients, suggesting an autoimmune paraneoplastic neurological syndrome. Respiratory complications, particularly sleep-related hypoventilation, contribute to high mortality rates. Although immunomodulatory therapies have been attempted, their efficacy is limited.</div></div><div><h3>Case presentation</h3><div>A 2-year-old girl presented with rapid weight gain, hypothalamic dysfunction, autonomic abnormalities, and severe sleep-related hypoventilation. The patient developed intermittent strabismus, hyperphagia, and behavioral changes over 4 months. Imaging revealed a retroperitoneal paravertebral mass, which was pathologically diagnosed as ganglioneuroma. Laboratory findings revealed central hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency, hyperprolactinemia, and markedly elevated serum anti-ZSCAN1 antibody levels. Following admission, the patient experienced apnea, airway obstruction, excessive secretions, and wheezing during sleep, requiring mechanical ventilation. Immunotherapies, including plasma exchange, high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin, methylprednisolone pulse, rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil, and intrathecal methotrexate, improve appetite, behavior, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands were negative, indicating partial immunological remission; however, sleep-related hypoventilation persisted. After discharge, the patient experienced sudden respiratory arrest during sleep and died despite resuscitation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This case highlights that, ROHHAD-NET, autonomic dysfunction may cause complex sleep-related respiratory failure beyond simple obstructive or central hypoventilation. Elevated anti-ZSCAN1 antibody titers may be correlated with earlier disease onset and severity. Early recognition, aggressive immunomodulation, and consideration of ventilatory support are essential to prevent sudden deaths. Anti-ZSCAN1 antibodies may serve as useful biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of ROHHAD-NETs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100196,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Development Case Reports","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-exercise indomethacin farnesil for primary exercise headache in an adolescent: A case report","authors":"Kenta Ochiai ,&nbsp;Taku Omata ,&nbsp;Jun-ichi Takanashi","doi":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2026.100128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2026.100128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Primary exercise headache (PEH) occurs only during or shortly after strenuous physical exercise. Pediatric cases are under-recognized, and there is little practical guidance on its prevention.</div></div><div><h3>Case presentation</h3><div>A previously healthy, 14-year-old, female patient experienced exertion-only, holocranial, constricting headaches only while performing the 100-m, all-out sprints. The headache abated within 15 min with rest. A neurological examination and brain magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance angiography were normal. Over-the-counter analgesics were ineffective, and ergotamine 1 mg provided modest benefit.</div></div><div><h3>Intervention and outcomes</h3><div>Pre-exercise indomethacin farnesil 25 mg administered 30–60 min before running led to a clear improvement. Increasing the dosage to 50 mg after two months achieved complete control over the symptom. By the 12-month follow-up, the patient had become capable of participating in athletic activities without any adverse events.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>After excluding etiologies of secondary headaches, pre-exercise indomethacin farnesil therapy controlled the PEH well without any adverse effects, enabling the patient to resume her athletic activities. The present case provides practical details on the dosing, timing, and tolerability of indomethacin farnesil for PEH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100196,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Development Case Reports","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroclinical correlates of seizures and episodic dystonia in a neonate with primary coenzyme Q10 deficiency due to COQ4 mutations","authors":"Ho-Eun Kang ,&nbsp;Chung-Ming Chen ,&nbsp;Rai-Hseng Hsu ,&nbsp;Hsi Chang ,&nbsp;Yi-Yu Su ,&nbsp;Min-Lan Tsai","doi":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2025.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2025.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Primary coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) deficiency is a rare mitochondrial disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the <em>COQ4</em> gene. Patients with neonatal onset biallelic <em>COQ4</em> variants typically present with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, encephalopathy, hypotonia, seizures, and lactic acidosis.</div></div><div><h3>Case report</h3><div>A female neonate born at 38 weeks and 5 days of gestation presented with frequent apneic episodes, early respiratory distress, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy shortly after birth. Long-term video EEG monitoring revealed electroclinical findings including multifocal refractory seizures, electrographic seizures, involuntary movements, and episodic dystonia. Multiple anti-seizure medications were administered; however, the episodic dystonia persisted. At 22 days of age, the patient was diagnosed with primary CoQ10 deficiency, due to <em>COQ4</em> mutations. Whole exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous mutations with a maternally inherited missense mutation, c.370G&gt;A, p.(Gly124Ser), and a paternally inherited splicing mutation, c.402+1G&gt;A. Following treatment with high-dose CoQ10, carnitine, and supportive care, the patient demonstrated improved feeding and spontaneous breathing, allowing discontinuation of ventilatory support. However, after transitioning to comfort care, the patient died of respiratory failure.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This case highlights the broad neurological phenotype associated with <em>COQ4</em>-related primary CoQ10 deficiency, presenting with a wide range of symptoms including apnea, multifocal refractory seizures, and notably, abnormal dystonic movements. Episodic dystonia is a rare manifestation, and to date, it has not been reported as a clinical sign in neonatal-onset <em>COQ4</em>-related disease. Long-term video EEG monitoring helps clarify the differentiation among apnea, dystonic movements, and seizures, facilitating precise treatment in conjunction with CoQ10 supplementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100196,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Development Case Reports","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New onset of juvenile dermatomyositis after COVID-19 infection in two patients: a case report","authors":"Kumiko Ishiguro ,&nbsp;Takayuki Kishi ,&nbsp;Kentaro Sano ,&nbsp;Minobu Shichiji ,&nbsp;Takatoshi Sato ,&nbsp;Keiko Ishigaki ,&nbsp;Satoru Nagata","doi":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2025.100123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2025.100123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been linked to the production of various autoantibodies and the development of autoimmune diseases. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infection may induce myositis, and several adult cases of dermatomyositis following COVID-19 have been reported. However, reports of juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) following COVID-19 have been scarce.</div></div><div><h3>Case presentation</h3><div>We herein detail our experience with the management of two patients who developed JDM following COVID-19 infection. Patient 1 was a 4-year-old boy who developed muscle weakness following COVID-19 infection, which progressed to a rash, continuous fever, and muscle weakness severe enough to render him unable to stand or sit independently. He was subsequently diagnosed with JDM complicated by interstitial pneumonia and was treated with methylprednisolone, oral prednisolone, cyclosporine, and cyclophosphamide, which significantly ameliorated his symptoms within 3 months. Patient 2 was a 13-year-old girl who developed progressive muscle weakness following COVID-19 infection. Physical examination revealed proximal muscle weakness and joint contractures, whereas blood tests showed normal creatine kinase levels but slightly elevated aldolase levels. She was subsequently diagnosed with JDM and treated with methylprednisolone and cyclosporine, which significantly reduced her symptoms.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>These patients highlight the potential link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the onset of JDM, with the proposed mechanisms including molecular mimicry, bystander activation, and excessive type I interferon production.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>COVID-19 may act as a trigger for JDM onset, warranting awareness and further investigation into this association.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100196,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Development Case Reports","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daily use of buccal midazolam for refractory seizures in an infant with holoprosencephaly: A case report","authors":"Mizuki Nishida-Takagi,&nbsp;Hirokazu Kurahashi,&nbsp;Shingo Numoto,&nbsp;Yoshiteru Azuma,&nbsp;Akihisa Okumura","doi":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2026.100127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bdcasr.2026.100127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>We report the case of an infant with alobar holoprosencephaly with drug-resistant severe epilepsy. Due to a heavy seizure burden, frequent use of buccal midazolam was attempted, and the seizures and associated sleep disturbances were effectively controlled without major adverse events.</div></div><div><h3>Case report</h3><div>The patient was a female infant with alobar holoprosencephaly. At 60 days of age, she experienced clinical seizures with eye deviation, oral automatism, and clonic limb movements that rapidly worsened to frequent and prolonged seizures. Intravenous phenobarbital temporarily suppressed the seizures but caused prolonged sedation and feeding difficulty. Several oral anti-seizure medications were ineffective. We introduced the frequent, nightly repeated use of buccal midazolam for status epilepticus, leading to seizure-free intervals, better nutrition, and the establishment of sleep-wake cycles. No significant adverse effects were observed, including respiratory suppression.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Frequent use of buccal midazolam not only reduced the seizure burden but also improved sleep and nutrition related to seizures in a patient with holoprosencephaly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100196,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Development Case Reports","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}