Atmospheric Environment (1967)最新文献

{"title":"Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models","authors":"M.L. Wesely","doi":"10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Methods for estimating the dry deposition velocities of atmospheric gases in the U.S. and surrounding areas have been improved and incorporated into a revised computer code module for use in numerical models of atmospheric transport and deposition of pollutants over regional scales. The key improvement is the computation of bulk surface resistances along three distinct pathways of mass transfer to sites of deposition at the upper portions of vegetative canopies or structures, the lower portions, and the ground (or water surface). This approach replaces the previous technique of providing simple look-up tables of bulk surface resistances. With the surface resistances divided explicitly into distinct pathways, the bulk surface resistances for a large number of gases in addition to those usually addressed in acid deposition models (SO₂,O₃, <em>NO</em>_<em>x</em> and HNO₃) can be computed, if estimates of the effective Henry's Law constants and appropriate measures of the chemical reactivity of the various substances are known. This has been accomplished successfully for H₂O₂, HCHO, CH₃CHO (to represent other aldehydes), CH₃O₂H (to represent organic peroxides), CH₃C(O)O₂H, HCOOH (to represent organic acids), NH₃, CH₃C(O)O₂NO₂ and HNO₂. Other factors considered include surface temperature, stomatal response to environmental parameters, the wetting of surfaces by dew and rain, and the covering of surfaces by snow. Surface emission of gases and variations of uptake characteristics by individual plant species within the landuse types are not considered explicitly.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100138,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment (1967)","volume":"23 6","pages":"Pages 1293-1304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136849821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent titles of interest","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/0004-6981(89)90274-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90274-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100138,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment (1967)","volume":"23 11","pages":"Pages 2629-2630"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90274-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138265565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent titles of interest","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/0004-6981(89)90541-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90541-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100138,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment (1967)","volume":"23 9","pages":"Pages 2075-2076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90541-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137091161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The preparation of papers for Atmospheric environment","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/0004-6981(89)90141-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90141-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100138,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment (1967)","volume":"23 1","pages":"Pages v-vi"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90141-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137162117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Major factors influencing gas-phase chemistry in power plant plumes during long range transport—II. Release time and dispersion rate for dispersion into an ‘urban’ ambient atmosphere","authors":"Alan T. Cocks,&nbsp;Ian S. Fletcher","doi":"10.1016/0004-6981(89)90561-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90561-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A gas-phase chemical kinetic scheme combined with a simple dispersion model has been used to examine the influence of season, time of release, and dispersion rate on the chemical behaviour of a power-plant plume emitted into an ambient atmosphere defined by urban emissions. Simulations were carried out over 24 h for a plume trajectory primarily over the sea at a typical Northern European latitude.</p><p>The temporal behaviour of in-plume OH radical concentrations is a complex function of the parameters studied. For daytime releases, mean OH concentrations over 24 h are predicted to be lower than the ambient values. For evening and night releases, mean OH concentrations are calculated to be greater than the corresponding ambient values for rapidly dispersing plumes.</p><p>Mean effective first-order rate constants for the gas-phase oxidation of plume SO₂ are estimated to be <em>ca</em> 0.4% h⁻¹, 0.2% h⁻¹ and 0.02% h⁻¹, for summer, autumn/spring, and winter, respectively, and are lower than the mean values calculated for the ambient troposphere.</p><p>Ozone, H₂O₂ and PAN concentrations in power plant plumes are normally predicted to be less than the corresponding ambient values over most of the simulation period. A significant ozone excess in plumes is only expected for slowly dispersing plumes under summer conditions after 24 h.</p><p>Most of the plume and ambient NO_x is predicted to be converted to HNO₃ in summer and autumn/spring within 24 h and concentrations of HNO₃ are predicted to greatly exceed those of H₂SO₄.</p><p>These results are compared with those obtained previously for simulations of dispersion into a ‘rural’ ambient atmosphere.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100138,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment (1967)","volume":"23 12","pages":"Pages 2801-2812"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90561-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137229260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authors' reply","authors":"Vincent A. Dutkiewicz ,&nbsp;Llaquat Husain","doi":"10.1016/0004-6981(89)90422-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90422-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100138,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment (1967)","volume":"23 7","pages":"Pages 1614-1615"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90422-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136650583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of size segregated particles collected over Alaska and the CAnadian high Arctic, AGASP-II flights 204–206","authors":"Patrick J. Sheridan","doi":"10.1016/0004-6981(89)90250-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0004-6981(89)90250-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ten aircraft-collected cascade impactor samples from the North American Arctic were analyzed using analytical electron microscopy. Morphological, mineralogical and elemental information were obtained from individual particles, as well as compositional data and size distribution estimates of the bulk aerosol. Categorization of carbonaceous material into organic-type and combustion-type carbon particles was performed in this study. This was accomplished through the use of a new ultra-thin window X-ray spectrometer, which can directly detect carbon X-rays emitted from particles, and through interpretation of morphological and electron diffraction data. Verification of graphite as a specific carbon mineral phase present in Arctic soot particles was performed in this manner.</p><p>Several classes of particles were present in most of the aerosol samples and size fractions. These included liquid H₂SO₄ droplets, which were always present in the highest numbers, and crustal-type and composite SO₄⁻² particles. A small fraction (0–30%) of a random sampling of SO²⁻₄particles from all impactor stages were found to contain detectable nitrogen, suggesting that partial neutralization by NH₃ may have occurred in this minority of the SO²⁻₄ droplets. Particles rich in non-combustion carbon and thought to be composed of organic material were also observed in most samples. Haze samples collected off the coast of Alert, NWT, show moderate loadings of H₂SO₄ droplets. Judging from these loadings and those from higher-altitude samples, ambient aerosol particle concentrations must have been considerably higher in the haze. The extent to which local activity at Alert has influenced these haze samples is not known, although a major contribution is not expected. Stratospheric samples did not contain several classes of particles thought to have major anthropogenic source inputs to the Arctic, such as black carbon and coal-fired combustion spheres. The lightest particle loadings in any samples were collected in the upper troposphere near the tropopause, where condensation nuclei counts during sampling fell to as low as 10 cm⁻³.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100138,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment (1967)","volume":"23 11","pages":"Pages 2371-2386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90250-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52834681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particulate emissions from ‘in-use’ motor vehicles—II. Diesel vehicles","authors":"D.J. Williams,&nbsp;J.W. Milne,&nbsp;S.M. Quigley,&nbsp;D.B. Roberts,&nbsp;M.C. Kimberlee","doi":"10.1016/0004-6981(89)90545-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0004-6981(89)90545-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A detailed study has been undertaken of the exhaust particulate matter (EPM) emitted by 19 light-duty and 13 heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Eighteen of the light-duty vehicles were of the indirect injection types, whereas the heavy-duty ones were all four stroke. The light-duty vehicles were tested under a standard city drive cycle, the heavy-duty vehicles being subjected to a multi-mode test cycle. Although considerable variability was found in emission rates between individual vehicles of the same make and model, light-duty diesel vehicles emitted 3–6 g EPM kg⁻¹ of fuel consumed, which was six times as much as spark ignition (S.I.) vehicles. The heavy-duty diesel vehicles emitted most EPM, giving rise to &gt;6.6g EPM kg⁻¹ on average. For both classes of diesel vehicles, higher EPM rates were generally associated with higher CO emission rates. Light-duty diesel EPM was found to consist mostly of C, two-thirds of which was in the ‘sooty’ or elemental (EC) form with the remainder organic (OC). The heavy-duty diesel EPM contained a higher proportion of OC than that from the light-duty diesels. Tests carried out with ¹³C-labelled lubricating oil indicated a significant oil contribution to EPM from diesel vehicles. In addition to measuring variations in EPM emission rates between different diesel vehicles, the influences of fuel supply, injection timing and fuel quality were also studied, using a light-duty indirect injection engine. Injection timing was found to have the greatest influence, with EPM emissions decreasing on retardation. The influence of injection timing was also assessed using a direct injection vehicle.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100138,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment (1967)","volume":"23 12","pages":"Pages 2647-2661"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90545-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52836434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An interpretation of Taylor's statistical analysis of particle dispersion∗","authors":"Ivar Dugstad","doi":"10.1016/0004-6981(89)90318-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0004-6981(89)90318-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100138,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment (1967)","volume":"23 5","pages":"Page 1163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90318-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52834912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of laboratory and field performance of denuder tubes: A theoretical approach","authors":"A. Febo,&nbsp;F. De Santis,&nbsp;C. Perrino,&nbsp;M. Giusto","doi":"10.1016/0004-6981(89)90411-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0004-6981(89)90411-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A theoretical approach is presented for the evaluation of laboratory and field performances of denuder tubes. The Differential Technique, Asymptotic Differential Technique and Absolute Differential Technique are described as solutions to the problem of measuring a reactive species in real conditions. A method, based on the analysis of the analyte deposition pattern, is proposed for an accurate determination of the denuder loading capacity and for the formulation of sound hypothesis on the structure of the deposition function and the behaviour of the interfering species (high and low reactivity inteiferents, paniculate matter). An example of the application of this method to a field data set concerning HNO₃ collection on nylon denuders is reported. The causes of the deviation of these experimental data from the model of the Gormley and Kennedy equation are identified and discussed. The method proves to be a powerful tool for prediction of the denuder behaviour in different experimental conditions and for the interpretation of field results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100138,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment (1967)","volume":"23 7","pages":"Pages 1517-1530"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90411-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52835535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}