Advanced Energy Conversion最新文献

{"title":"Doping of ferroelectric solutions of (Ba, Sr Ti O3) with In2 O3 to improve the RC time constant","authors":"G.C. Jain,&nbsp;K. Ravindran","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90018-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90018-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The</span> principle of conversion of solar energy into electrical energy using ferroelectric materials has been discussed by <span>Hoh</span> [1]. A capacitor made of ferroelectric material is subjected to heat cycling above the Curie temperature. During heating the permittivity across the ferroelectric material decreases and hence the voltage across a charged capacitor increases. The heat energy supplied to the capacitor is converted into electrical energy and could be obtained by discharging the capacitor.</p><p>It is known that the Curie temperature of Ba Ti O₃ can be decreased by doping it with Sr TiO₃. It has been observed by us that each 1 per cent by weight of Sr Ti O₃ lowers the Curie temperature of Ba Ti O₃ by 3·5 deg.</p><p>It has been pointed out by <span>Hoh</span> [1] that Ba Ti O₃ is not suitable for ferroelectric energy conversion devices because of semiconduction. Solid solutions of various percentages of Sr Ti O₃ in Ba Ti O₃ are also not suitable for such devices because of semiconduction.</p><p>The efficiency of the device depends upon the <em>RC</em> time constant of the capacitor. The larger the <em>RC</em> time constant, the more efficient is the device. The product <em>RC</em> = <em>ϱε</em>, where ϱ is the resistivity in Ω-m and ε is the permittivity in F/m. Since changes of ε in orders of magnitude are not conceivable, it is essential that the resistivity determines the <em>RC</em> time constant.</p><p>In this work a method for increasing the resistivity of (Ba, Sr) Ti O₃ solid solutions was developed by utilizing the principles of electrical compensation. It was found that (Ba_0.77, Sr_0.23) Ti O₃ solid solution with a Curie temperature of nearly 30°C showed an <em>N</em>-type of conduction. To neutralize the excess free electrons, an appropriate amount of indium was added in the form of In₂ O₃. The resistivity was observed to increase by two orders of magnitude with optimum doping. Excess doping impaired the compensation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 233-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(66)90018-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78210384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase diagrams of the pseudo-binary Cu2SeBi2Se3 and Ag2SeBi2Se3 systems and thermoelectric properties of Cu2SeBi2Se3 solid solution","authors":"Tadamasa Hirai,&nbsp;Kazuhiro Kurata,&nbsp;Motohisa Hirao","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90015-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90015-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The phase diagrams of the pseudo-binary systems Cu₂SeBi₂Se₃ and Ag₂SeBi₂Se₃ were determined by thermal analysis. The Cu₂SeBi₂Se₃ system has complete solid solution over all compositions, and a minimum melting point at about 33 mol. % Bi₂Se₃. The phase diagram of the Ag₂SeBi₂Se₃ system is composed of two eutectic phases and one congruently melting intermediate compound at the middle of the system. Thermoelectric figure of merit of Cu₂SeBi₂Se₃ solid solution was determined as a function of composition, and maximum thermoelectric figure of merit in this system is expected as <em>z</em>_max = 0·43 × 10⁻³ deg⁻¹ at 90 mol. % Bi₂Se₃.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 195-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(66)90015-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74738863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anodische oxydation zu kohlendioxid von kohlenwasserstoffen, alkoholen und carbonsäuren an Raney-Platin","authors":"H. Binder,&nbsp;A. Köhling,&nbsp;G. Sandstede","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90019-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90019-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Knowledge of the mechanism involved in the anodic oxidation of hydrocarbons is of particular importance to the development of catalysts for low-temperature fuel cells. Galvanostatic measurements of current-voltage curves and potentiostatic-coulometric determinations of the conversion of hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids in acid and alkaline electrolytes, performed on Raney platinum at temperature between 25 and 100°C, permit conclusions to be drawn on the reaction mechanism of the oxidation. The periodic current-voltage curves obtained by the triangular voltage sweep method show the differences in the sorption of hydrogen, oxygen, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. In addition, the periodic current-voltage curves give indications of the mechanism involved. At open circuit, the saturated hydrocarbon is converted with water into hydrogen and carbon dioxide, the amount converted corresponding approximately to the thermodynamic equilibrium.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 135-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(66)90019-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72741084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sublimation rates In vacuo of PbTe and Pb0·5Sn0·5Te thermoelements","authors":"H.E. Bates,&nbsp;Martin Weinstein","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90022-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90022-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The sublimation rates of pressed-and-sintered PbTe and Pb_0.5Sn_0.5Te thermoelements were measured over the temperature range 400–600°C. Rates for PbTe varied from 2 × 10⁻² to 175 mg/cm²/hr, and for Pb_0.5Sn_0.5Te from 4 × 10⁻¹ at 450°C to 45 mg/cm²/hr at 600°C, respectively. Calculated values of the vapor pressures of PbTe from these data are in good agreement with previous investigations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 177-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(66)90022-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81695561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quasi-static processes in energy conversion statics","authors":"H.K. Messerle","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90021-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90021-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A general treatment of quasi-static processes in the field of energy conversion is developed. The approach is based on a unified theory of energy conversion statics as established in reference 1 with specific emphasis on electromechanical conversion processes.</p><p>A number of general theorems are developed dealing with reversible and irreversible processes. Maximum work processes are deduced using the dissipation law and a general Carnot type cycle is established. Stability criteria for processes involving any number of coupled sources are set up using energy minimum theorems. The general coverage of the approach is demonstrated with specific case examples involving electromechanical transducers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 159-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(66)90021-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84747290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure of equations specifying operating characteristics of energy converters constructed of anisotropic materials","authors":"J.M. Honig ,&nbsp;T.C. Harman","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90020-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90020-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The expressions for efficiency and coefficient of performance of galvano-thermomagnetic energy converters have been re-examined to determine what mathematical constraints are needed to guarantee that these quantities remain real, non-negative, and subject to the Carnot requirement. These constraints lead to conditions that must be satisfied by the anisotropy parameters, the transport coefficients, and the temperature differences within the device arms. Conditions for operating the devices at Carnot efficiency are also spelled out. In the appendix it is proved mathematically that no more than one device arm is needed for optimal operation of thermomagnetic converters and refrigerators.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 149-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(66)90020-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73364017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Verwendung von Metalloxyd-Schichten mit Plasmakontakt zur Energiewandlung","authors":"M. Hartl","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90023-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90023-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The photovoltaic effect in oxide layers on so-called valve metalls (Al, Ta, Zr, etc.) can be used on principle also for the direct conversion of energy from radioactive particles (α and β) into electrical energy. It can be expected that the resistivity of these oxide layers against radiation damages because of their usually amorphous structure is higher compared with <em>p</em>-<em>n</em> junctions in monocrystalline semiconductors. Since the photovoltaic effect in these oxide layers is not connected with a metallic (or electrolytic) sandwich contacting it is proposed to use an ionized gas as counter electrode, this gas being possibly ionized by radiactive radiation itself. This method was qualitatively investigated by β-irradiation (Tritium) of Ta₂O₅-layers produced by anodizing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 181-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(66)90023-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81009382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluorochemicals as working fluids for small rankine cycle power units","authors":"S.K. Ray,&nbsp;G. Moss","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90003-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0365-1789(66)90003-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A theoretical assessment has been made of the performances of the following fluorochemicals as working fluids for small Rankine cycle power units: </p><ul><li><span>1.</span><span><p>(a) Hexafluorobenzene (HFB)</p></span></li><li><span>2.</span><span><p>(b) Dichlorotetrafluorobenzene (DCTFB)</p></span></li><li><span>3.</span><span><p>(c) Perfluorodecalin (PFD)</p></span></li><li><span>4.</span><span><p>(d) FC-75</p></span></li></ul> .<p>Entropy-temperature and enthalpy-temperature diagrams for these compounds were constructed on the basis of their physical properties. From these diagrams and from the application of the similarity concept to the performances of single-stage radial turbines as developed by <span>Baljé</span> [8], thermal efficiencies of a 10 kW unit generating 400 c/s a.c. were computed. It is found that efficiencies in the region of 20–25 per cent can be achieved for Perfluorodecalin, Dichlorotetrafluorobenzene and FC-75 by expanding the fluids from the supercritical state and using a feedback heat exchanger to recover the waste heat in the turbine exhaust. The size and cost of the feedback heat exchanger will constitute an important factor in the practical assessment of the fluorochemicals as working fluids.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 89-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(66)90003-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91681207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluorochemicals as working fluids for small rankine cycle power units","authors":"S. Ray, G. Moss","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90003-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0365-1789(66)90003-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"21 1","pages":"89-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82416808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved thermoelectric generator performance with vapor phase cooling","authors":"Thomas J. Plevyak","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(66)90001-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0365-1789(66)90001-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A vapor phase heat exchanger coupled to a power generating bismuth telluride thermopile has been designed and tested in the laboratory. The technique provided a more effective method of waste heat dissipation compared to commonly used cooling fins and resulted in improved thermopile efficiency and power output.</p><p>This paper presents design considerations for the experimental vapor phase cooler and summarizes the results of laboratory tests.</p><p>The conversion efficiency of the thermopile was increased 31 per cent with an accompanying 61 per cent increase in power output through the employment of a vapor phase heat exchanger.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 71-72, IN1-IN2, 73-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1966-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(66)90001-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91681208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}