Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Parental competition history shapes offspring responses to thermal stress across generations.","authors":"Rodgee Mae Guden, Matahun Prihandini Binar Rizkianti, Anna-Maria Vafeiadou, Sofie Derycke, Tom Moens","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Predicting how populations respond to environmental change remains a central challenge in ecology. While temperature is widely recognized as a major determinant of organismal performance, population responses to thermal stress are also shaped by biotic interactions. Intraspecific competition, in particular, can impose energetic and density-dependent constraints that influence life history traits underlying individual and population fitness. Yet, despite its ecological importance, little is known about whether competition history alters offspring responses to subsequent environmental stress across generations. Here, we investigated how parental competition history shapes offspring responses to cool thermal stress across multiple generations in the marine nematode Litoditis marina (Pm III). Populations were maintained for nine generations under contrasting competition regimes and offspring were subsequently evaluated at either an optimal temperature (20°C) or a cool suboptimal temperature (15°C), representing a deviation below the species' thermal optimum. Cool thermal stress consistently reduced offspring performance, but its effects depended strongly on parental competition history. Under optimal conditions, offspring originating from high-competition populations exhibited slower development but partially compensated through increased fecundity. Under cool thermal stress, however, this compensatory response disappeared: Offspring from high-competition populations showed lower fecundity and reduced population growth relative to offspring from low-competition populations, with these differences becoming increasingly pronounced across generations. Across all measured traits, offspring originating from high-competition populations exhibited slower development, lower reproductive output, and reduced demographic performance under cool thermal stress. These findings demonstrate that parental competition history can strongly influence offspring responses to subsequent environmental challenges and contribute to persistent multigenerational differences in population performance. Our results identify biotic environmental history as an important determinant of population responses to environmental change and highlight the need to integrate both ecological interactions and abiotic stressors when predicting population resilience under future environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":93986,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"107 9","pages":"e70524"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149042886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Second-order elasticities for ecology and evolution: Unraveling nonlinear fitness responses to perturbations.","authors":"Maja Kajin, Shripad Tuljapurkar, Wenyun Zuo, Harman Jaggi, Samuel Gascoigne, Roberto Salguero-Gómez","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70479","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.70479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In ecology and evolutionary biology, understanding the relationship between vital rates (e.g., survival, development, reproduction) and population growth is essential to elucidate how life history strategies are shaped by natural selection. Yet most established demographic methods rely on linear assumptions that rank the importance of vital rates but are insensitive to whether the returns of the population growth rate are diminishing or accelerating. Here, we introduce the second-order elasticities of mean individual fitness in the population, the S-elasticity. The S-elasticity is a proportional, element-wise measure that can quantify the curvature of mean individual fitness with respect to single matrix population model (MPM) elements (self S-elasticity) and to pairs of elements (mixed S-elasticity). S-elasticities (1) classify concavity versus convexity of local fitness surfaces, (2) provide a relative-curvature diagnostic by scaling second-order to first-order effects, (3) sum to zero across elements-facilitating comparisons across populations and species-and (4) connect fitness curvature to biologically feasible trade-offs via the elasticity ratio K. We provide a simple inequality based on the S-elasticities and the K-ratio that detects local fitness peaks along constraint directions corresponding to each pair of matrix elements. We illustrate the framework with an average 4 × 4 MPM for Didelphis aurita (Marsupialia, Didelphidae) and compare our results to classical second-order derivatives of population growth rate applied to the same dataset. First-order elasticities identify survival of weaned and subadult survival as dominant linear levers of fitness; their negative self S-elasticities reveal diminishing returns for increases and amplified losses for decreases relative to linear expectations. Mixed S-elasticities expose a costly trade-off between survival of weaned and aged females' fertility: The curvature-only surface is concave near the baseline and the trade-off direction is a local peak, whereas several other element pairs lie along flatter, more substitutable directions. Together, S-elasticities provide a compact diagnostic for when linear rankings suffice, when nonlinearity dominates, and where feasible substitutions are most constrained. Because they are proportional, additive (sum-to-zero), and rooted in life cycle pathways, S-elasticities complement classic elasticity and make second-order demographic information directly comparable across systems-yielding actionable guidance for evolutionary inference and for prioritizing management actions under realistic trade-offs.</p>","PeriodicalId":93986,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"107 9","pages":"e70479"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13569468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148946364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen inputs and mowing do not alter N:P stoichiometry in grassland insect herbivores.","authors":"Yuan-Xiu Wu, Cong Ding, Bingchuan Zhang, Xiao-Sa Liang, Yu Ning, Jiang-Xia Yin, Xiao-Tao Lü","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70530","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrogen (N) inputs result in stoichiometric imbalances between N and phosphorus (P) in soils and plants. There are increasing concerns about the transmission of such stoichiometric imbalances to higher trophic levels through the bottom-up effect. However, most studies focus on the species-level responses, leaving community-level responses largely unexplored. We examined the responses of N:P stoichiometry in plant community, dominant insect groups (Arcypteridae, Cicadellidae, and Lygaeidae), and insect community in both mown and unmown grasslands at the end of 8-year N addition. Nitrogen addition significantly increased plant community N concentrations and N:P by 27.4% and 30.5%, respectively. Nitrogen addition and mowing did not alter the concentrations and stoichiometry of N and P in herbivore communities. Nitrogen addition significantly increased the relative abundance of Lygaeidae by 13.8%. There was no nutritional association between plant and herbivore communities, suggesting no detectable bottom-up transfer. Those results suggest that herbivores in this grassland are insensitive to N inputs, which may be attributed to high stoichiometric homeostasis. These findings support the theory that organisms from higher trophic levels possess relatively stronger stoichiometric homeostasis compared to those from lower trophic levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":93986,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"107 9","pages":"e70530"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149019273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of biotic homogenization on community assembly and biomass production in an α × β-diversity grassland experiment.","authors":"Fons van der Plas, Justus Hennecke, Lea von Sivers, Alexandra Weigelt, Christian Wirth, Kathryn E Barry","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70505","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.70505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Various studies have shown that local loss of plant species within patches (i.e., α-diversity loss) hampers plant biomass production, raising concerns about the consequences of biodiversity loss. However, biodiversity loss occurs at multiple spatial scales, and species losses at large spatial scales (γ-diversity loss) can be either caused by α-diversity loss, or by the homogenization of species compositions across patches (β-diversity loss). Yet, we poorly understand the consequences of β-diversity loss for ecosystem functioning. Here, we present the findings of the first study to experimentally manipulate variation across not only α-diversity but also β-diversity. In a grassland experiment, we manipulated plant β-diversity by setting up 56 plots, each divided into four subplots with two different soil types. Across the subplots within a plot, we sowed either the same plant species combinations (low β-diversity treatment), partially overlapping species combinations (intermediate β-diversity), or nonoverlapping species combinations (high β-diversity treatment). We hypothesized that high β-diversity could increase biomass production by: (1) enabling species sorting and (2) maintaining high α-diversity over time. Four years after setting up our experiment, we found that β-diversity increased biomass production and that these positive effects could not be solely explained by having overall high γ-diversity. This was because high sown levels of β-diversity increased realized α-diversity, which in turn increased biomass production. In contrast, species sorting did not result in increased biomass production. Our results have the potential to inform restoration projects, where sowing different species at different sites could have delayed benefits for both biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, although further studies are needed to explore the benefits of β-diversity for ecosystem management.</p>","PeriodicalId":93986,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"107 9","pages":"e70505"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13586980/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148993163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social learning in predators: Indirect effects let novel prey exclude familiar prey.","authors":"David W Kikuchi, Margaret W Simon","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Predation is a fundamental ecological process. Social learning by predators is ubiquitous. However, social learning is not incorporated into most ecological theories of predator-prey dynamics. We report how social learning changes results of classic one-predator, two-prey models. In our study, one prey (familiar) can be innately exploited by any predator. The other prey (novel) can only be exploited by predators that have learned how to consume it (i.e., informed predators). Social learning converts naïve predators into informed predators via mass action. This governs exploitation of the novel prey. Indirect effects such as apparent competition then emerge among familiar and novel prey. We find that the novel prey is a superior apparent competitor to the familiar prey because it has a refuge from naïve predators. Faster social learning helps the familiar prey coexist because it erodes this refuge. Other outcomes, such as apparent mutualism and apparent predation, occur when the system exhibits limit cycles. Social learning tends to dampen cycling relative to classic models of apparent competition, but can also exaggerate indirect effects. Our theory is applicable to biological invasions, where it predicts that social learning may determine the persistence of invaders and native species.</p>","PeriodicalId":93986,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"107 9","pages":"e70528"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149042910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant-herbivore-parasitoid food webs across an edge gradient from natural southern beech to plantation pine forests.","authors":"Guadalupe Peralta, Carol M Frost, Raphael K Didham, Jason M Tylianakis","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The loss and fragmentation of natural habitats resulting from conversion to production land uses are among the main drivers of biodiversity loss and increase the proportion of habitat edges. These edges drive edge effects, which are ecological and physical changes in response to distance to habitat edges. Habitat edges between natural and production land affect ecological patterns and processes, including the networks of species interactions on either side of the edge. Because food webs depict both the composition of the community and the feeding links, which represent a measure of energy flow, they can reveal the relationships among community diversity, stability and ecosystem functions. Here, we present data on the quantitative food web of a tritrophic system comprising plants, herbivores (Lepidoptera larvae) and parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Nematoda), sampled across habitat edge gradients between New Zealand native southern beech forest (dominated by Fuscospora species) and non-native Pinus radiata plantation forests. Furthermore, we present plant-herbivore-parasitoid interaction data following an experimental reduction of herbivore densities by aerial spraying of bioinsecticide over 20 hectares of plantation forests adjacent to native forests. Overall, across the 24 sampling sites spanning a c.a. 2600-km² area, we sampled 16,017 (over 680 unique) plant-herbivore and 1127 (over 200 unique) herbivore-parasitoid interactions between over 150, 130, and 65 plant, herbivore, and parasitoid species. The information presented here has potential use in studies across a variety of spatial scales, from local and landscape levels to macroecological research. We expect that further exploration of this dataset can contribute to developing conservation and management strategies for native and plantation forests, as well as to improve our understanding of food web assembly mechanisms in forest habitats. The data are available for reuse under CC BY 4.0 licensing. Please cite this data paper when using the dataset in publications or teaching demonstrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":93986,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"107 9","pages":"e70513"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148993175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invasive Flora Repository: Traits, environmental tolerances, and invasion history of invasive plant species in the United States.","authors":"Sofia M A Al-Shayeb, Cesilia Aguilar, Mahtab Yousefi, Zaria George, William G Pfadenhauer, Gabriela C Nunez-Mir","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70492","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.70492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Species traits may serve as proxies for ecological mechanisms that drive invasion success and, therefore, are a promising framework for investigating invasion processes and predicting future outcomes of species that have been recently introduced. However, although many efforts exist to document species traits of plants, a centralized database of invasive plant species in the United States is not currently available. We have compiled traits data for 1024 invasive plants in the United States across 28 species characteristics, including functional morphological, reproductive, and dispersal traits, as well as characteristics related to the invasion history of the species, such as origin and invasion pathways. We identified our list of invasive plant species from EDDMapS, a web-based national network that aggregates observation records and distribution data of invasive species and pests in the United States and Canada, and the U.S. Register of Introduced and Invasive Species (US-RIIS). Traits data were collected from various online factsheet databases, including the CABI Compendium: Invasive Species, the USDA Plants Database, the North Carolina State Extension Plant Toolbox, the UC-Berkeley Jepson Herbarium, the USFS-Fire Effects Information System, and University of Michigan's CLIMBERS. We aimed to create a comprehensive database on traits of invasive species that can be utilized by researchers and conservationists and serve as a reference for those involved in the monitoring and control of invasive species. These data are available for reuse under CC BY 4.0 (Attribution) licensing.</p>","PeriodicalId":93986,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"107 9","pages":"e70492"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13573092/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148964100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional variation in within- and transgenerational responses to an invasive predator.","authors":"Matthew S Baker, Geoffrey C Trussell","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70523","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.70523","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When confronted with environmental stress, individuals may enhance their fitness by altering their phenotype via within-generation plasticity (WGP) or their offspring's phenotype via transgenerational plasticity (TGP). Despite growing appreciation of TGP in adapting to environmental change, our understanding of how it may vary geographically among populations having different eco-evolutionary histories remains limited. In the Gulf of Maine, the carnivorous snail, Nucella lapillus, must solve the foraging-predation risk trade-off by reducing their vulnerability to invasive predatory green crabs while also acquiring the food necessary to survive. Nucella populations in the southern Gulf have been in contact with green crabs for ~125 years and are able to forage on an abundant supply of food. By contrast, populations in the northern Gulf have had limited contact with green crabs until ~25 years ago and must persist on a very limited food supply. In the southern Gulf, Nucella are known to exhibit TGP in response to green crab risk cues, but how these responses may vary along a spatiotemporal gradient in invasion history and food availability is unknown. We collected Nucella from six populations (three northern, three southern) and evaluated WGP and TGP in response to green crab predation risk in an 18-month laboratory experiment. We detected regional variation in Nucella life history traits, the expression of both forms of plasticity in response to predation risk, and Nucella foraging on key basal resources. Our results support the hypothesis that low food availability in the northern Gulf may reduce the sensitivity of northern Nucella to predation risk. Hence, geographic variation in TGP in response to predation risk may be shaped by regional differences in other factors such as food availability, thereby yielding outcomes not well predicted by current TGP theory.</p>","PeriodicalId":93986,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"107 9","pages":"e70523"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13593397/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149019263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defense-competition trade-offs shape prey eco-evolutionary dynamics across environmental gradients.","authors":"Rafael Dettogni Guariento, Frederico Meirelles-Pereira, Anderson da Rocha Gripp, Jayme Magalhães Santangelo, Luciana Silva Carneiro, Adriano Caliman","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70518","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.70518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Predators can affect ecological communities not only through direct consumption but also by indirectly triggering costly defensive responses in prey that cascade through food webs. Understanding how prey navigate the competing demands of predation pressure and resource exploitation is thus central to predicting ecological (i.e., persistence) and evolutionary (i.e., adaptation) dynamics. Drawing on niche theory and the influence of keystone predators, this study investigates how variation in resource availability drives the persistence and evolution of prey with diverse trait combinations balancing defensive and competitive traits. At the heart of this ecological puzzle lies a fundamental constraint: Defended prey inherently have lower competitive abilities, generating a trade-off that governs fitness success along environmental gradients. Using a mathematical model, we show that the shape of the defense-competitiveness trade-off (i.e., the magnitude of change of competitiveness costs with increasing defense) influences the persistence of prey populations and the evolution of prey competitive and defensive traits. Strong trade-offs (i.e., when defenses strongly reduce competitiveness) or neutral trade-offs (i.e., when gains in defense and losses in competitiveness change proportionally) favor competitiveness, while weak trade-offs (i.e., when defenses weakly affect competitiveness) favor defensive traits, especially in resource-rich environments. In resource-poor environments, however, competitive prey are predominantly favored. Coexistence among prey individuals with different resource allocation strategies is evolutionarily unstable, as our model revealed that evolutionary processes eroded the persistence of multiple prey strategies. By linking resource availability to prey trait evolution, this study highlights the environmental dependence of eco-evolutionary dynamics in food webs, offering insights into the complex interactions that drive the prevalence and evolution of defense strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":93986,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"107 9","pages":"e70518"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13601822/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149032063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Information on forest plant communities of Central Canada collected during 1956-1995.","authors":"Dianne Fahselt, Jay R Malcolm","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over a period of 40 years Paul F. Maycock (1930-2012) and associates surveyed 1391 stands of late-successional, natural forest throughout all vegetation zones of east central Canada, many in parks and remote areas. The group generated an enormous body of detailed quantitative information on forest communities of Ontario and Quebec, subsets of which have figured in various graduate theses and publications, one in a classic paper on southern deciduous forest. Comparable survey information was recorded in all locations through consistent use of the same quantitative field method, the Point-quarter system of vegetational analysis. Vegetationally and environmentally homogeneous forest stands of at least a few hectares each were selected in tracts of natural forest, and environmental features such as topography, moisture availability, soil texture, and pH were recorded in most of them. Vegetation was usually sampled at 40 points per site, with the area around each point apportioned into four imaginary quadrats by a pair of meter sticks crossed directly over the point. In each quadrat, the tree and sapling nearest the point was recorded, along with its distance to the point and, for trees, its basal area, generating a sample of 160 trees and saplings. Information provided consists of various statistics at the stand-level that, for trees, includes stem density and total basal area and percent contribution of each species to total basal area and stem density. For saplings, the percent contribution of each species to total sapling stem density is provided. Occurrences of understory plants, including tree seedlings, recorded within 1-m² plots at alternate sampling points, are expressed as the percentage of plots in which each species was encountered. A separate list was compiled of plant species noted in the stand, but not recorded in the sampling. When necessary, plants of uncertain identity were determined with input from taxonomic specialists, and 1248 plant taxa were encountered in the entire study. Approximately 30,000 voucher specimens were collected, which together with the database constitute a valuable resource for both ecological and systematic research in plant biology. Records of species in forest communities expand current knowledge of plant distributions, including occurrences within provincial parks and other protected areas. The dataset supplies context for determining the ecological significance of threatened forests, guiding judgments of which are in most urgent need of protection and prioritizing conservation efforts. Data not only document composition and structure at a point in time, but serve as a baseline against which reanalysis decades later can offer insight into stand dynamics. The data are available for reuse under CC BY 4.0 licensing. Please cite the data release on Figshare and this data paper when reusing the data.</p>","PeriodicalId":93986,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"107 9","pages":"e70515"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149019300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}