Hilliard L Kutscher, Faithful Makita-Chingombe, Sara DiTursi, Ajay Singh, Admire Dube, Charles C Maponga, Gene D Morse, Jessica L Reynolds
{"title":"Macrophage Targeted Nanoparticles for Antiretroviral (ARV) Delivery.","authors":"Hilliard L Kutscher, Faithful Makita-Chingombe, Sara DiTursi, Ajay Singh, Admire Dube, Charles C Maponga, Gene D Morse, Jessica L Reynolds","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To reduce the amount of the antiretroviral (ARV) nevirapine necessary to achieve therapeutic concentrations using macrophage targeted nanoparticles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Core-shell nanoparticles were prepared from FDA approved, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, with poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) as the core and chitosan (CS) as the shell using a water/oil/water method. Nevirapine was encapsulated in the core of the nanoparticles. β-glucan (GLU) was adsorbed to the surface of the nanoparticle. Macrophage uptake and intracellular nevirapine concentrations were determined by fluorescence imaging and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS). Optical imaging was employed to characterize the biodistribution of nanoparticles following intravenous injection in CD-1 mice.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We synthesized spherical shaped 190 nm GLU-CS-PLGA nanoparticles that provide controlled release of nevirapine. In THP-1 macrophage the uptake of PLGA and CS- PLGA nanoparticles was less compared to targeted GLU-CS-PLGA nanoparticles. THP-1 macrophage were dosed with free nevirapine (10 μg/well) and GLU-CS- PLGA nanoparticles containing 1/10 the concentration of free nevirapine (1 μg nevirapine/well). The intracellular concentration of nevirapine was the same for both nanoparticles and free nevirapine at 2 and 24 hrs. No significant change in THP-1 macrophage viability was observed in the presence of nanoparticles relative to the control. <i>Ex vivo</i> imaging demonstrates that nanoparticles are predominantly found in the liver and kidney and at 24 hr there is still a large amount of nanoparticles in the body.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These data demonstrate that the total dose of nevirapine delivered by GLU-CS-PLGA nanoparticles can be greatly reduced, to limit side effects, while still providing maximal ARV activity in a known cellular reservoir.</p>","PeriodicalId":91128,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personalized nanomedicine","volume":"1 2","pages":"40-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5826576/pdf/nihms859399.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35873868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ajeet Kaushik, Rajesh Kumar, Rahul Dev Jayant, Madhavan Nair
{"title":"Nanostructured Gas Sensors for Health Care: An Overview.","authors":"Ajeet Kaushik, Rajesh Kumar, Rahul Dev Jayant, Madhavan Nair","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanostructured platforms have been utilized for fabrication of small, sensitive and reliable gas sensing devices owing to high functionality, enhanced charge transport and electro-catalytic property. As a result of globalization, rapid, sensitive and selective detection of gases in environment is essential for health care and security. Nonmaterial such as metal, metal oxides, organic polymers, and organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites exhibit interesting optical, electrical, magnetic and molecular properties, and hence are found potential gas sensing materials. Morphological, electrical, and optical properties of such nanostructures can be tailored via controlling the precursor concentration and synthesis conditions resulting to achieve desired sensing. This review presents applications of nano-enabling gas sensors to detect gases for environment monitoring. The recent update, challenges, and future vision for commercial applications of such sensor are also described here.</p>","PeriodicalId":91128,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personalized nanomedicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"10-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4610411/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34107076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}