Journal of veterinary medicine and research最新文献

{"title":"Stress Assessment by the Hemogram Method - Circulating Cells Complicating Reliance on Heterophil/Lymphocyte (H/L) Ratio","authors":"P. Cotter","doi":"10.47739/veterinarymedicine-1224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47739/veterinarymedicine-1224","url":null,"abstract":"The subject is a reexamination of the utility of the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio as a stress measure. The data are obtained from blood films of non-experimental chickens at 3 weeks of age and housed in isolator units. Standard differential counts of 2 x 200 cells indicated total white blood counts (TWBC) were in the range of 30-200(K) with an average of ~100(K); normal to leukemoid reaction levels (N= 23 samples). The H/L average of ~ 0.5 was typical of a non-stress hemogram. However, many atypical cells were identified including small lymphocytes with irregular cell membranes (zeiosis) reactive lymphocytes, resting (small) or activated NK (natural killer lymphocytes) unusual heterophils of three types: classic (HC), typical (HT), variant (HV), and early stages of the granulocyte series. Aggregates of atypical cells (reactive clusters) were also common. Atypia were present in blood samples at all TWBC and H/L levels. These hematological conditions suggest that estimates of stress status solely reliant on H/L data may not convey an accurate blood picture. It is necessary to integrate the calculated H/L with the TWBC and the occurrence of atypical cells to more accurately determine homeostasis.","PeriodicalId":90914,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary medicine and research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86029532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calcium Requirement in Relation to Milk Fever and its Economic Impact in Dairy Cattle","authors":"Abera Fekata","doi":"10.47739/veterinarymedicine-1215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47739/veterinarymedicine-1215","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this research was to compile and consolidate the disparate data on calcium requirements in connection to milk fever and its economic impact in dairy cattle. The most frequent mineral-related metabolic condition affecting dairy cows at parturition is milk fever, which occurs most commonly in adult dairy cows two to three days following parturition .It is caused by a severe lack of metabolizable calcium ions in the circulation (hypocalcaemia), and its primarily affects high-producing and high-performing dairy cows that are nearing their maximal output capability. Milk yield, parity, cow breed, and a lack of awareness of basic dairy management and ration formulation are all variables that contribute to milk fever. It reduces milk yield and fertility, which leads to the culling of high-producing dairy cows from a herd. It also raises the expense of animal treatment and the danger of additional parturient disorders such retained placenta, ketosis, displaced abomasum, and environmental mastitis. Intravenous calcium salts, such as borogluconate, at a rate of 2g/100kg body weight, as well as oral calcium solutions, are two methods for treating milk fever in dairy cows. Cases of milk fever, on the other hand, can be minimized with good management, notably through the use of proper feeds and feeding systems .To summarize, management of milk fever is very important because it should be considered as a gateway disease that greatly reduce the chance for full productivity and reproduction of dairy cows. The key to prevention of milk fever is management of a close-up dry cow or management during late pregnancy .Therefore, milk fever management is economically most important, as a result, raising dairy farmers’ awareness of milk fever and optimal ration compositions for their dairy cows is a critical instrument in the fight against milk fever.","PeriodicalId":90914,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary medicine and research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82528784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NEGATIVE REGULATORY EFFECTS OF PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL3-KINASE PATHWAY ON PHAGOCYTOSIS AND MACROPINOCYTOSIS IN BOVINE MONOCYTES.","authors":"Mais G Ammari,&nbsp;Autumn N Harris,&nbsp;John V Stokes,&nbsp;Richard H Bailey,&nbsp;Lesya M Pinchuk","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies have shown that monocytes and macrophages not only present antigens to effector T cells and stimulate and shape T cell-mediated immune responses, but they also prime naïve T cells, thus initiating adaptive immune responses. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase functions at an early phase of toll-like receptor signaling pathways, modulates the magnitude of the primary immune responses, and is involved in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton during macropinocytic and phagocytic antigen uptakes, important early steps in triggering adaptive immune responses. We assessed by flow cytometry the endocytic capacities of bovine monocytes by using endocytic tracers and <i>Salmonella</i> transformed with a green fluorescence plasmid GFP to evaluate macropinocytosis, mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis, and phagocytosis in bovine professional antigen presenting cells, respectively. Our data reveal that wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway, significantly increased macropinocytosis and phagocytosis but did not affect the mannose receptor-mediated antigen uptake in bovine monocytes. Protein expression data support these findings by showing decreased levels of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in the presence of wortmannin during macropinocytosis. We expanded further the key role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase as an endogenous suppressor of primary immune responses, suggesting a novel mechanism of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase antigen uptake modulation that may provide a unique therapeutic target for controlling excessive inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":90914,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary medicine and research","volume":"1 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4399709/pdf/nihms669680.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33115058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECT OF LIPOSOMAL CLODRONATE-DEPENDENT DEPLETION OF PROFESSIONAL ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS ON NUMBERS AND PHENOTYPE OF CANINE CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ REGULATORY T CELLS.","authors":"Kriston F Weaver,&nbsp;John V Stokes,&nbsp;Sagen A Gunnoe,&nbsp;Joyce S Follows,&nbsp;Lydia Shafer,&nbsp;Mais G Ammari,&nbsp;Todd M Archer,&nbsp;John M Thomason,&nbsp;Andrew J Mackin,&nbsp;Lesya M Pinchuk","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known to control autoreactivity during and subsequent to the development of the peripheral immune system. Professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes, have an important role in inducing Tregs. For the first time, this study evaluated proportions and phenotypes of Tregs in canine peripheral blood depleted of professional APCs, utilizing liposomal clodronate (LC) and multicolor flow cytometry analysis. Our results demonstrate that LC exposure promoted short term decreases followed by significant increases in the proportions or absolute numbers of CD4⁺CD25⁺FOXP3⁺ Tregs in dogs. In general, the LC-dependent Treg fluctuations were similar to the changes in the levels of CD14⁺ monocytes in Walker hounds. However, the proportions of monocytes showed more dramatic changes compared to the proportions of Tregs that were visually unchanged after LC treatment over the study period. At the same time, absolute Treg numbers showed, similarly to the levels of CD14⁺ monocytes, significant compensatory gains as well as the recovery during the normalization period. We confirm the previous data that CD4⁺ T cells with the highest CD25 expression were highly enriched for FOXP3. Furthermore, for the first time, we report that CD4⁺CD25^lowFOXP3⁺ is the major regulatory T cell subset affected by LC exposure. The increases within the lowest CD25 expressers of CD4⁺FOXP3⁺ cells together with compensatory gains in the proportion of CD14⁺ monocytes during compensatory and normalization periods suggest the possible direct or indirect roles of monocytes in active recruitment and generation of Tregs from naïve CD4⁺ T cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":90914,"journal":{"name":"Journal of veterinary medicine and research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418640/pdf/nihms669690.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33282412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}