{"title":"Income Redistribution through Taxes and Transfers across OECD Countries","authors":"O. Causa, M. Hermansen","doi":"10.1787/BC7569C6-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/BC7569C6-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This paper produces a comprehensive assessment of income redistribution to the working-age population, covering OECD countries over the last two decades. Redistribution is quantified as the relative reduction in market income inequality achieved by personal income taxes, employees’ social security contributions and cash transfers, based on household-level micro data. A detailed decomposition analysis uncovers the respective roles of size, tax progressivity and transfer targeting for overall redistribution, the respective role of various categories of transfers for transfer redistribution; as well as redistribution for various income groups. The paper shows a widespread decline in redistribution across the OECD, both on average and in the majority of countries for which data going back to the mid-1990s are available. This was primarily associated with a decline in cash transfer redistribution while personal income taxes played a less important and more heterogeneous role across countries. In turn, the decline in the redistributive effect of cash transfers reflected a decline in their size and in particular by less redistributive insurance transfers. In some countries, this was mitigated by more redistributive assistance transfers but the resulting increase in the targeting of total transfers was not sufficient to prevent transfer redistribution from declining.","PeriodicalId":90318,"journal":{"name":"Research on economic inequality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45286541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter 3 Income and Wealth Distributions in a Neoclassical Growth Model With σ ≥ 1","authors":"Mauro Patrão","doi":"10.1108/S1049-258520180000026004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/S1049-258520180000026004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000The publication of Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Piketty (2014) propelled the debate about the prospects of the evolution of income and wealth inequalities in this century. One of the main controversies is about the effects on the income and wealth inequalities of a decrease in the growth rate g. In Piketty (2014), it is claimed that a decrease in g will cause an increase in the wealth inequality, through an increase in the difference r−g, where r is the rate of return on capital. This claim was criticized by many authors. In this chapter, the author presents a neoclassical growth model with heterogeneous agents and uses it to shed more light on this issue. The author’s model generalizes and improves previous models introduced in Piketty and Zucman (2015) and in Aoki and Nirei (2016). The author also presents a result, relating income, wealth, and wage inequalities.","PeriodicalId":90318,"journal":{"name":"Research on economic inequality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/S1049-258520180000026004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44040812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Health Inequalities through the Lens of Health Capital Theory: Issues, Solutions, and Future Directions.","authors":"Titus J Galama, Hans van Kippersluis","doi":"10.1108/S1049-2585(2013)0000021013","DOIUrl":"10.1108/S1049-2585(2013)0000021013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We explore what health-capital theory has to offer in terms of informing and directing research into health inequality. We argue that economic theory can help in identifying mechanisms through which specific socioeconomic indicators and health interact. Our reading of the literature, and our own work, leads us to conclude that non-degenerate versions of the Grossman model (1972a;b) and its extensions can explain many salient stylized facts on health inequalities. Yet, further development is required in at least two directions. First, a childhood phase needs to be incorporated, in recognition of the importance of childhood endowments and investments in the determination of later-life socioeconomic and health outcomes. Second, a unified theory of joint investment in skill (or human) capital and in health capital could provide a basis for a theory of the relationship between education and health.</p>","PeriodicalId":90318,"journal":{"name":"Research on economic inequality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3932058/pdf/nihms502704.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32154076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pilar García-Gómez, Erik Schokkaert, Tom Van Ourti
{"title":"Reference value sensitivity of measures of unfair health inequality.","authors":"Pilar García-Gómez, Erik Schokkaert, Tom Van Ourti","doi":"10.1108/s1049-2585(2013)0000021008","DOIUrl":"10.1108/s1049-2585(2013)0000021008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most politicians and ethical observers are not interested in pure health inequalities, as they want to distinguish between different causes of health differences. Measures of \"unfair\" inequality - direct unfairness and the fairness gap, but also the popular standardized concentration index - therefore neutralize the effects of what are considered to be \"legitimate\" causes of inequality. This neutralization is performed by putting a subset of the explanatory variables at reference values, e.g. their means. We analyze how the inequality ranking of different policies depends on the specific choice of reference values. We show with mortality data from the Netherlands that the problem is empirically relevant and we suggest a statistical method for fixing the reference values.</p>","PeriodicalId":90318,"journal":{"name":"Research on economic inequality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4062312/pdf/nihms587735.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32446639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bastian Ravesteijn, Hans van Kippersluis, Eddy van Doorslaer
{"title":"The contribution of occupation to health inequality.","authors":"Bastian Ravesteijn, Hans van Kippersluis, Eddy van Doorslaer","doi":"10.1108/S1049-2585(2013)0000021014","DOIUrl":"10.1108/S1049-2585(2013)0000021014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Health is distributed unequally by occupation. Workers on a lower rung of the occupational ladder report worse health, have a higher probability of disability and die earlier than workers higher up the occupational hierarchy. Using a theoretical framework that unveils some of the potential mechanisms underlying these disparities, three core insights emerge: (i) there is selection into occupation on the basis of initial wealth, education, and health, (ii) there will be behavioural responses to adverse working conditions, which can have compensating or reinforcing effects on health, and (iii) workplace conditions increase health inequalities if workers with initially low socioeconomic status choose harmful occupations and don't offset detrimental health effects. We provide empirical illustrations of these insights using data for the Netherlands and assess the evidence available in the economics literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":90318,"journal":{"name":"Research on economic inequality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4041295/pdf/nihms587088.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32398049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}