The botulinum journalPub Date : 2015-01-01Epub Date: 2016-08-04DOI: 10.1504/TBJ.2015.078132
Kelly A Jackson, Barbara E Mahon, John Copeland, Ryan P Fagan
{"title":"Botulism mortality in the USA, 1975-2009.","authors":"Kelly A Jackson, Barbara E Mahon, John Copeland, Ryan P Fagan","doi":"10.1504/TBJ.2015.078132","DOIUrl":"10.1504/TBJ.2015.078132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Botulism had mortality rates >60% before the 1950s. We reviewed confirmed botulism cases in the USA during 1975-2009 including infant, foodborne, wound, and other/unknown acquisition categories, and calculated mortality ratios. We created a multivariate logistic regression model for non-infant cases (foodborne, wound, and other/unknown). Overall mortality was 3.0% with 109 botulism-related deaths among 3,618 botulism cases [18 (<1%) deaths among 2,352 infant botulism cases, 61 (7.1%) deaths among 854 foodborne botulism cases, 18 (5.0%) deaths among 359 wound botulism cases, and 12 (22.6%) deaths among 53 other/unknown botulism cases]. Mortality among all cases increased with age; it was lowest among infants (0.8%) and highest among persons ≥80 years old (34.4%). Toxin type F had higher mortality (13.8%) than types A, B, or E (range, 1.4% to 4.1%). Efforts to reduce botulism mortality should target non-infant transmission categories and older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":89726,"journal":{"name":"The botulinum journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"6-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5460764/pdf/nihms856991.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35078749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steven C Cardinale, Michelle M Butler, Gordon Ruthel, Jonathan E Nuss, Laura M Wanner, Bing Li, Ramdas Pai, Norton P Peet, Sina Bavari, Terry L Bowlin
{"title":"Novel Benzimidazole Inhibitors of Botulinum Neurotoxin/A Display Enzyme and Cell-Based Potency.","authors":"Steven C Cardinale, Michelle M Butler, Gordon Ruthel, Jonathan E Nuss, Laura M Wanner, Bing Li, Ramdas Pai, Norton P Peet, Sina Bavari, Terry L Bowlin","doi":"10.1504/tbj.2011.041813","DOIUrl":"10.1504/tbj.2011.041813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs) are used therapeutically and in cosmetics, providing potential for bioterrorist activity, thus driving the search for small-molecule BoNT inhibitors. This report describes a 70,000-compound screen for inhibition of BoNT/A using a FRET assay to detect proteolysis of a peptide substrate. Hits were confirmed, followed by evaluation to determine compound specificity. Inhibitors fell into three main chemical classes, and on the basis of potency and specificity of inhibition, the activities of two chemotypes were examined further. Compounds exhibited specificity for BoNT/A LC inhibition with respect to other metalloproteases and displayed activity in a neuronal assay for botulinum intoxication.</p>","PeriodicalId":89726,"journal":{"name":"The botulinum journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"16-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509773/pdf/nihms343946.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31093090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}