Journal of drug addiction, education, and eradication最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of Emotion Characters of Internet Abusers Using Psychophysiological Signals","authors":"D. Hsieh, T. Hsiao","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73692","url":null,"abstract":"Because of ubiquitous Internet and devices, the numbers of the Internet users rapidly increase. Internet addiction (IA) is also a fast growing, serious, and unavoidable problem around the world. The fifth version of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders suggested that IA should be studied in a scientific manner, and more related data must be acquired. Emotion was one important character of IA, and emotion-related syndrome was also reported in these years. IA contains psychological and physiological features and usually is assessed by IA scales. However, self-reporting scale is a subjective measurement tool that may be biased. Furthermore, scales or questionnaires assess the long-term developed states of IA rather than the developing states of IA or shortterm change. The physiological signals of IA abusers can provide objective, short-term, dynamic change information instead. Therefore, the dynamic physiological regulation and the psychological and physiological responses to emotion of IA abusers, particularly respiration and respiratory sinus arrhythmia, were studied. IA abusers tended to perform thoracic movement for emotion regulation, whereas people without IA tended to perform abdominal movement. IA abusers exhibited stronger RSA reactivity following negative emotion, but exhibited weaker RSA reactivity following positive emotion.","PeriodicalId":89687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of drug addiction, education, and eradication","volume":"48 7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81168345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methadone Treatment for Heroin Dependence","authors":"Baconi Daniela Luiza, A. Ciobanu, R. Vasile, A. Vlăsceanu, Mirela Nedelescu, M. Stan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78066","url":null,"abstract":"In substitution therapy for treatment of heroin addiction, methadone is the synthetic opi- oid agonist of first choice. Methadone doses vary depending on addict profile established by repeated evaluation. It studied a group of 82 patients both male and female, aged between 19 and 47 years, residing in Bucharest, with diagnosis of heroin addiction. They were voluntarily submitted in the methadone substitution treatment at a specialized treatment center for addiction in Bucharest. The study group was characterized in detail, taking into account demographic, comorbid and addiction characteristics, heroin use his- tory, treatment history, and clinical and paraclinical evaluation. The outcomes resulting from the study design on 82 heroin addict patients enrolled into a methadone main - tenance program highlighted: lowering of the onset age of heroin use, HVC infection comorbidity, and the extension of the treatment period due to the relapses. The results obtained by clinical, laboratory, and psychological complex evaluations in a correlative approach is essential both in initiating methadone treatment and monitoring the detox period but also in the supervision of methadone maintenance treatment. of at onset of the is sig nificantly different from the age of the patients at the onset of their drug consumption. The total duration of the consumption is statistically different from the duration of the consumption, previous to the first MMT.","PeriodicalId":89687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of drug addiction, education, and eradication","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90836500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Alcohol on Brain Development","authors":"Farhin Patel, P. Mandal","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73693","url":null,"abstract":"In the world, 3.3 million deaths occur every year due to harmful use of alcohol; this represents 5.9% of all deaths. Ethanol metabolites’ production and their post-translation modification are one of the proposed mechanisms that lead to neuronal toxicity. The projected neurochemical changes in chronic alcohol drinkers may be due to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Interaction of alcohol with GABA and glutamate receptors (NMDA and AMPA) resulted in diverse adaptive changes in gene expression through neuronal pathways leading to alcohol toxicity. Alcohol con - sumption in an individual leads to biochemical changes that are correlated with complex inflammatory signaling pathways such as phosphorylation of proteins, synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), NF-kappaB and MAP kinase pathways in certain regions of the brain. Ethanol exposure activates neurons and microglial cells that lead to release of neu - roimmune factors like high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and certain cytokines involved in immune responses leading to neuroimmune signaling in the brain. Epigenetic modification of DNA and histones may lead to neuronal gene expression, thus regulating ethanol toxicity. Researchers attempt to modulate therapies that can help to foil alcohol toxicity and support the development of original neuronal cells that have been injured or degenerated by alcohol exposure. synaptic plasticity and synaptic formation. Downregulation of genes by ethanol includes protein synthesis, myelination and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Chronic ethanol exposure increases HMGB1–TLR4 and NF-κB signaling which leads to improved NF-κB target genes’ expression. This results in determining neuroimmune responses to ethanol toxicity that releases HMGB1 or directly stimulates TLR and/or NMDA receptors. An epigenetic mecha nism will show potential towards drug dependence by changing the DNA protein structure. Microglial cells will arbitrate the effect of alcohol toxicity on neurogenesis. The progression towards the neurobiologic techniques including micro array, QTL and proteomics will pro vide some anticipation for researching the molecular and cellular mechanisms that act as a keystone for the understanding of neuronal toxicity and enlightening new therapeutic gene targets for this public health burden.","PeriodicalId":89687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of drug addiction, education, and eradication","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84142351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nursing Care for Persons with Drug Addiction","authors":"Ek-uma Imkome","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73334","url":null,"abstract":"Persons with drug addiction (PDDs) may exhibit symptoms affecting the central nervous system. Multidisciplinary treatment teams may offer the most updated treatment and care. Pharmacotherapy is one standard treatment, effective in managing psychotic symp- toms with supportive psychosocial interventions. As part of the health-care team, nurses deal with PDD on a 24-hour basis. Quality nursing care is essential for improving quality of life, health status, and continued abuse-free status of PDD. Weak serotonin 2A antagonism","PeriodicalId":89687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of drug addiction, education, and eradication","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72673169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular-Cellular Targets of the Pathogenetic Action of Ethanol in the Human Brain in Ontogenesis and the Possibility of Targeted Therapy Aimed at Correcting the Effect of Pathogenic Factors","authors":"T. Shushpanova, A. Solonskii, O. Shushpanova","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73333","url":null,"abstract":"Prenatal exposure to ethanol has an impact on angiogenesis and synaptogenesis and forma- tion of neurotransmitter receptors in the brain of the embryo and fetus. Compensatory mechanism of hypoxia in conditions of prenatal exposure to alcohol involves decrease in the perimeter of the vessel and the area of the vessel in the cross section and an increase in the number of vessels in the brain. A significant effect of prenatal exposure to ethanol on the development of synaptic structures in the developing brain of the fetus was expressed in the slowing down of the formation of synaptic contacts and in the reduction of their number in comparison with the norm. Shaping synaptic contact is one of the leading processes during which largely determine the future integrative brain capabilities. The properties of benzodi- azepine receptors in the developing brain of the human ’ s embryo and fetus under prenatal alcohol influence were characterized bya decrease in affinityand an increase in their density as compensatory adaptation of the fetal nervous system to the effects of alcohol. It is reflected on during synaptogenesis in the developing brain and can lay the basis of severe disorders in the unborn child. Alcohol abuse induces neuroadaptive alters of benzodiazepine receptor system in the brain in patients with alcoholism that can modulate GABA A R and mediation of GABA in the brain, which can cause alcohol addiction. The study of the effect of mother ’ s alcoholism on the developing fetal brain (prenatal exposure to alcohol) was carried out in the brain tissue of embryos and human fetuses at the 7 – 15 week of pregnancy in accordance with the requirements of the Ethics Committee and with the consent of patients during abortion procedures under strict medical indications. About 33 embryos and fetuses were obtained from female, suffering from alcoholism and constituted the main study group. The age of women who suffered from alcoholism was 26 – 39 years old, and the duration of the disease was from 3 to 13 years. In all cases, according to ICD-10 criteria, alcoholism of grade II was diagnosed (ICD-10 F10.201, F10.202). The diagnosis of alcoholism was established in the Department of Addictive Conditions, the Institute of Mental Health, Tomsk National Scientific Medical Center Russian Academy of Science (RASci). The control group included samples of the brain tissue of embryos and fetuses obtained from healthy women who do not have a history of neurological or mental diseases comparable in age. Exclusion criteria were cases of adverse effects on brain development of embryos, namely exposure to radiation, chemicals, certain pharmacological agents and maternal diseases during pregnancy: influenza, rubella, toxoplasmosis and others. Ultrastructure of synaptic contacts and vessels of the brain tissue from embryonic and fetal brain were examined under JEM-100B and JEM-100CX electron microscopes. Electron microscopy studies addressed the intermediate layer of the","PeriodicalId":89687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of drug addiction, education, and eradication","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78325650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Brain Stimulation in Treatment-Refractory Addiction","authors":"A. Lavano, G. Guzzi, A. Torre, Donatella Gabriele, D. Chirchiglia, C. Stroscio, GiorgioVolpentesta","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73694","url":null,"abstract":"Surgical treatment for addiction has been proposed after the successful efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of neurological movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). In the field of psychiatric diseases, DBS has been used firstly for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and treatment-resistant depression. The role in addiction has been proposed only recently. The target areas for DBS in treatment-refractory addiction are nucleus accumbens (NAcc), lateral hypothalamus (LH), amigdala, lateral habenula (LHb), dorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and subthalamic nucleus (STN). A well-documented rationale for the choice of the target is required in order to investigate the effectiveness, safety and feasibility. NAcc appears to be the most effective and safe target for DBS followed by STN; PFC is another promising target but needs further exploration to establish its suitability for clinical purposes. DBS is not free of risks, so every patient has to be carefully evaluated and precise ethical standards must be defined in the form of inclusion and exclusion criteria.","PeriodicalId":89687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of drug addiction, education, and eradication","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74914262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bereavement and Substance Use Disorder","authors":"L. Masferrer, B. Caparrós","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73125","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of drug addiction, education, and eradication","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90457532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DRINKING PATTERNS AND DSM-IV ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS' CRITERIA IN ARGENTINEAN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT PATIENTS.","authors":"Mariana Cremonte,&nbsp;Cheryl J Cherpitel,&nbsp;Guilherme Borges,&nbsp;Raquel I Peltzer,&nbsp;Pablo R Santángelo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown cultural variations in normative drinking and furthermore, in the quantity and frequency of drinking related to alcohol use disorders. AIM: The main goal of this study is to characterize alcohol drinking patterns in Argentinean Emergency Department patients, and secondly, to explore the association between those drinking patterns and DSM-IV alcohol use disorders. METHOD: Data were collected from a probability sample of patients admitted to the Emergency Department of a large public hospital in Mar del Plata, Argentina. Data analyzed here pertain to those who reported consuming at least one drink during the last twelve months (n=529). A factor analysis of multiple correspondences and a hierarchic classification were performed. For the factor analysis, usual quantity and frequency of drinking (for the last 12 months) were considered active variables; number of DSM-IV dependence criteria met, positive or negative diagnostic status for abuse, positive or negative diagnostic status for dependence (both for the last 12 months), and socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender and economic level) were considered illustrative variables. RESULTS: The first five factorial axes were retained, accounting for 88% of the total variance. Hierarchic classification resulted in six distinctive classes of drinking patterns. Two patterns were associated with a positive diagnosis of abuse and dependence, respectively. One, drinking between 4 and 6 drinks per occasion mostly on a weekly basis, was associated with a diagnosis of abuse; this pattern was also associated with meeting one or two dependence criteria (dependence orphans). The other, drinking 7 or more drinks per occasion, was associated with a diagnosis of dependence, and also with a diagnostic orphan condition. This class, composed primarily of males, was not characterized by any particular frequency of drinking. The other four drinking patterns were not associated with a positive diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder. Two of them were characterized by drinking low quantities with a low frequency (either monthly or yearly). Participants in both of these classes tended to be female. The other two patterns were characterized by drinking less than 3 drinks per occasion, either daily or weekly: the former associated with being older than 35 years, and the later with no distinctive socio-demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrated six distinct drinking patterns, two of them related to a positive diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder. Our findings support previous research indicating that dependence orphans share some characteristics with abuse and dependence cases. Given the lack of similar studies in the region, these findings, although descriptive, enrich the knowledge of alcohol use disorders in the regional context. Furthermore, they may contribute to the development of local drinking guidelines and prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":89687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of drug addiction, education, and eradication","volume":"6 3","pages":"209-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3442775/pdf/nihms299875.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30910385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing Trauma Among Women With Serious Addictive Disorders: Treatment Models, Program Factors, And Potential Mediators.","authors":"Douglas L Polcin,&nbsp;Madhabika B Nayak,&nbsp;Susan Blacksher","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A large majority of women entering addiction treatment present significant symptoms of trauma related to physical or sexual abuse. Despite research indicating that trauma interventions are integral to women's successful recovery from addiction, many programs do not adequately address violence-related trauma. This chapter provides a review of the literature on trauma among women with addictive disorders and several manual based interventions developed to address co-occurring addiction and trauma-related disorders. One intervention, \"Beyond Trauma,\" which has become increasingly popular among community based programs is described in detail. Beyond Trauma appears to have several advantages over other therapies for treating trauma and addiction in women, including 1) a theoretical foundation that draws on relational theory as a guide to the intervention, 2) a broad based approach that can be utilized by a variety of professional and paraprofessional staff members, 3) a focus that goes beyond treating women with a formal diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder to include treatment for an array of symptoms and problems associated with trauma, and 4) gender-appropriate use of expressive arts in its curriculum. The chapter also discusses treatment program environment factors that may be critically important to treatment outcome for women: 1) whether the program is gender specific, 2) the degree of emphasis on peer involvement in recovery, 3) program recognition of the value of knowledge-based recovery experience, 4) program facilitation of cohesion, 5) the empowerment of clients in decisions affecting the program and 6) skills training relevant to managing moods, relationships and a variety of problems that women face during recovery. Possible mechanisms of change for Beyond Trauma are explored with particular emphasis on the variety of ways the intervention attempts to impact problem areas experienced by women (e.g., mental health functioning self esteem and social support). Recommendations for future research in the treatment of trauma and addiction-related disorders in women are outlined.</p>","PeriodicalId":89687,"journal":{"name":"Journal of drug addiction, education, and eradication","volume":"4 3-4","pages":"221-237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860828/pdf/nihms145109.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31964345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}