Clinical medicine. Therapeutics最新文献

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Present and Prospective Pharmacotherapy for the Management of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. 治疗 2 型糖尿病患者的当前和前瞻性药物疗法。

Clinical medicine. Therapeutics Pub Date : 2009-08-27 DOI: 10.4137/cmt.s2109

Leonor Corsino, Mary Elizabeth Cox, Jennifer Rowel, Jennifer B Green

{"title":"Present and Prospective Pharmacotherapy for the Management of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.","authors":"Leonor Corsino, Mary Elizabeth Cox, Jennifer Rowel, Jennifer B Green","doi":"10.4137/cmt.s2109","DOIUrl":"10.4137/cmt.s2109","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition prevalent worldwide. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, comprising 90% to 95% of all cases. Over the last few decades, the importance of glycemic control and its impact on prevention of diabetes-related complications has been documented in multiple clinical trials. As most patients with type 2 diabetes will require pharmacologic intervention to achieve and maintain appropriate glycemic control, new medications targeting different aspects of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes have been a significant focus of research and development. During the last decade, multiple new medications for diabetes management have become available: these medications have novel mechanisms of action, differences in effectiveness, and varying side effect profiles which will be reviewed in this article. Some of these newer medications, such as the GLP-1 analogues and DPP-4 inhibitors, have become widely accepted as therapeutic options for the management of type 2 diabetes.Additional classes of glucose-lowering medications are expected to become available in the near future. This manuscript will summarize available data regarding these newer and prospective medications for the management of type 2 diabetes.","PeriodicalId":88453,"journal":{"name":"Clinical medicine. Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"1103-1119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3335272/pdf/nihms249657.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40188438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anastrozole Use in Early Stage Breast Cancer of Post-Menopausal Women. 阿那曲唑在绝经后妇女早期乳腺癌中的应用。

Clinical medicine. Therapeutics Pub Date : 2009-03-31 DOI: 10.4137/cmt.s9

Monica Milani, Gautam Jha, David A Potter

{"title":"Anastrozole Use in Early Stage Breast Cancer of Post-Menopausal Women.","authors":"Monica Milani, Gautam Jha, David A Potter","doi":"10.4137/cmt.s9","DOIUrl":"10.4137/cmt.s9","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of breast cancers express the estrogen receptor and depend on estradiol (E2) for their growth. Hormonal therapy aims at depriving estrogen signaling either by using selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM)-that interfere with the binding of E2 to its receptor (ER)-or aromatase inhibitors (AI)-that block the aromatase-dependent synthesis of E2. While SERMs are recommended for both pre- and post-menopausal patients, AIs are indicated only for post-menopausal patients. For the past 20 years, the SERM tamoxifen has been considered the \"gold standard\" for the treatment of hormone receptor positive breast cancers. However, tamoxifen's role is now challenged by third generation AIs, such as anastrozole, which exhibit greater efficacy in the adjuvant setting in several recently reported trials. This review will focus on anastrozole's mechanism of action, dosing, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical applications. It will briefly discuss the clinical trials that determined anastrozole's efficacy in the treatment of advanced breast cancer (ABC) and in the neoadjuvant setting. Finally, it will present the clinical trials that established anastrozole as a frontline agent in the treatment of post-menopausal women with hormone receptor positive early breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":88453,"journal":{"name":"Clinical medicine. Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"141-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753667/pdf/nihms107236.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40048323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pharmacotherapy of HIV-1 Infection: Focus on CCR5 Antagonist Maraviroc. HIV-1感染的药物治疗：关注CCR5拮抗剂马拉韦洛克。

Clinical medicine. Therapeutics Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.4137/cmt.s2365

Olga Latinovic, Janaki Kuruppu, Charles Davis, Nhut Le, Alonso Heredia

{"title":"Pharmacotherapy of HIV-1 Infection: Focus on CCR5 Antagonist Maraviroc.","authors":"Olga Latinovic, Janaki Kuruppu, Charles Davis, Nhut Le, Alonso Heredia","doi":"10.4137/cmt.s2365","DOIUrl":"10.4137/cmt.s2365","url":null,"abstract":"Sustained inhibition of HIV-1, the goal of antiretroviral therapy, is often impeded by the emergence of viral drug resistance. For patients infected with HIV-1 resistant to conventional drugs from the viral reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitor classes, the recently approved entry and integration inhibitors effectively suppress HIV-1 and offer additional therapeutic options. Entry inhibitors are particularly attractive because, unlike conventional antiretrovirals, they target HIV-1 extracellularly, thereby sparing cells from both viral- and drug-induced toxicities. The fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide and the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc are the first entry inhibitors licensed for patients with drug-resistant HIV-1, with maraviroc restricted to those infected with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 (R5 HIV-1) only. Vicriviroc (another CCR5 antagonist) is in Phase III clinical trials, whereas the CCR5 antibodies PRO 140 and HGS 004 are in early stages of clinical development. Potent antiviral synergy between maraviroc and CCR5 antibodies, coupled with distinct patterns of resistance, suggest their combinations might be particularly effective in patients. In addition, given that oral administration of maraviroc achieves high drug levels in cervicovaginal fluid, combinations of maraviroc and other CCR5 inhibitors could be effective in preventing HIV-1 transmission. Moreover, since CCR5 antagonists prevent rejection of transplanted organs, maraviroc could both suppress HIV-1 and prolong organ survival for the growing number of HIV-1 patients with kidney or liver failure necessitating organ transplantation. Thus, maraviroc offers an important treatment option for patients with drug-resistant R5 HIV-1, who presently account for >50% of drug-resistance cases.","PeriodicalId":88453,"journal":{"name":"Clinical medicine. Therapeutics","volume":"1 ","pages":"1497-1510"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2777720/pdf/nihms-154527.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28514097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0