Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History最新文献

{"title":"Obsidian projectile point conveyance patterns in the lower Humboldt Valley, Nevada","authors":"R. Hughes","doi":"10.5531/sp.anth.0105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5531/sp.anth.0105","url":null,"abstract":"Despite their ubiquity, surface occurrences of obsidian artifacts at archaeological sites throughout western North America have traditionally been viewed as unworthy of serious attention because of the difficulty in dating them. In the past 40 years, the time sensitivity of certain Great Basin projectile point types has been established, which brings the importance of surface collections more center stage. With the coming of age and refinement of geochemical methods, obsidian artifacts from these surface sites can now be analyzed using nondestructive instrumental methods and matched to their geological eruptive origin on the basis of congruence in trace and rare earth element chemistry. Many of these surface assemblages in the Great Basin contain considerable numbers of obsidian projectile points that, when matched to their chemical source of origin, open up entirely new ways to investigate change and continuity in past land use and social relations. The present study was conducted in the lower Humboldt Valley of western Nevada, where large numbers of obsidian projectile points have been collected by professional archaeologists over the past century and housed in academic institutions and museums. In this study, more than 900 obsidian projectile points and bifaces were analyzed from 24 sites and localities within the lower Humboldt Valley using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) to bring data to bear on the question of whether changes in obsidian source use occurred there over the past 5000 years (as determined by time-sensitive projectile points). Significant changes were identified in the direction and distance-to-source of arrow points vs. dart points, and in the source and direction of Humboldt series points and of Humboldt Basal-notched bifaces, which implicate directional shifts through time in social relations among peoples using—and during some periods living at sites in—the lower Humboldt Valley. These results provide independent data to evaluate current views about land use, artifact conveyance, social relations, and technological change in the western Great Basin and beyond.","PeriodicalId":84170,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43172852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"At the vanishing point : environment and prehistoric land use in the Black Rock Desert","authors":"K. McGuire, W. Hildebrandt, D. C. Young, Kaely Colligan, L. Harold","doi":"10.5531/SP.ANTH.0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5531/SP.ANTH.0103","url":null,"abstract":". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Environmental Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Modern Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Modern Fauna and Flora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Environments of the Latest Pleistocene and Holocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Early Holocene (11,700–8500 cal b.p.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Middle Holocene (8500–3800 cal b.p.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Late Holocene (3800 to present) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Cultural Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Prehistoric Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Paleoindian Period (14,500–12,800 cal b.p.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Paleoarchaic Period (12,800–7800 cal b.p.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Post-Mazama Period (7800–5700 cal b.p.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Early Archaic Period (5700–3800 cal b.p.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Middle Archaic Period (3800–1300 cal b.p.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Late Archaic Period (1300–600 cal b.p.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Terminal Prehistoric Period (600 cal b.p. to Contact) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Ethnographic Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Subsistence and Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Seasonal Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Intergroup Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Social Organization .","PeriodicalId":84170,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5531/SP.ANTH.0103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44017521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fertility, sterilization, and population growth in Shanti Nagar, India: a longitudinal ethnographic approach.","authors":"S A Freed,&nbsp;R S Freed","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The results of the 1981 Indian census showed a slight increase in the rate of population growth despite an energetic governmental campaign to reduce fertility, the growing use of contraception, a substantial number of sterilized persons, and a declining birthrate. The longitudinal ethnographic analysis of population data from Shanti Nagar dating from the 1950s and the 1970s suggests that the growth rate of the population might be better understood if analytical emphasis were to be shifted somewhat from birth and death rates to survivorship, that is, the average number of living children per mother, thus focusing attention on the family, the social unit in which the decisions are made that give rise to national demographic rates and averages. Currently, the principle fertility decision that a Shanti Nagar couple must make is whether to undergo sterilization and how many children are deemed necessary before taking this step. Analysis of the Shanti Nagar data shows that women of completed fertility in the 1970s had more living children than comparable women in the 1950s, and that even the sterilized couples of the 1970s had only slightly fewer children than the almost entirely noncontracepting women of the 1950s. Although the age of women at their own (or their husbands') sterilization is falling and the operation takes place after fewer children than formerly, the average sterilized couple nonetheless has more than 4 children instead of the 2 or 3 that the Government of India prefers. An analysis of the relationship to fertility of various modernization variables, such as urbanization and enhanced economic status, fails to show any consistent correlation of such variables with reduced fertility. School attendance by females is perhaps the most promising of the modernization veriables, but its effect is somewhat ambiguous and relatively weak until women achieve the college level. Current trends suggest that soon after 2025, India may surpass China as the world's most populous nation.</p>","PeriodicalId":84170,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History","volume":"60 Pt 3","pages":"229-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22006434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}