Journal of preventive and social medicine : JOPSOM : a bi-annual journal of the National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine最新文献

{"title":"E-Waste-An Emerging Public Health Threat: Bangladesh Perspective","authors":"Shafiqul Islam","doi":"10.3329/jopsom.v41i1.66646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/jopsom.v41i1.66646","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic waste or e-waste is emerging as a major public health threat worldwide including Bangladesh because of rapid advances in technology leading to the generation of large amount of wastes and a lack of knowledge in handling of these wastes. The present review discusses the existing e-waste problem in Bangladesh, as a public health concern, and necessary recommendations to have effective e-waste management. This is a traditional review study. The burden of e-waste, regulations and its impact on health at the global and country level were identified using various search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and ScienceDirect. Books, case studies, legislation documents, reports, original articles and other documents from international organizations and specific governmental agency websites were retrieved. Out of more than 100 research articles on e-waste and health impact in total, 45 original articles, reports, case studies and documents were used for this review. About 400,000 tonnes of electronic waste have been generated across the country in 2018 and that the amount grows by 20% every year. The generation of e-waste rate in Bangladesh has surpassed 72 million tons, which is a 33% increase over the previous decade. According to a study report by Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), e-waste volumes in Bangladesh will rise to 4,62 million tonnes by 2035. Harmful contents of e-waste mainly include lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, nickel, lithium, Beryllium long term exposure of which may cause health effects like damage to brain, kidney, liver, nervous systems, blood systems, endocrine system, reproductive system and produce stomach cramps, allergic dermatitis, asthma, bronchitis and also develop life threatening disease like cancer. The current review shows that the e-waste poses a serious public health threat leading to significant environmental and health risks. Most of the developing countries including Bangladesh were found to be lagging behind in the implementation of environmentally sound formal recycling processes. Hence, a better life cycle assessment model which have been successfully implemented in other developing countries should be introduced in Bangladesh. JOPSOM 2021; 41(1):41-48","PeriodicalId":83767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of preventive and social medicine : JOPSOM : a bi-annual journal of the National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine","volume":"9 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136157374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality of Life and Coping Strategies among Acid Survivors","authors":"Mehjabin Sumaira Lokman, Rowshan Ara, Ummul Khair Alam, Sathi Dastidar, Azmeri Sharmin, Nuzhat Munawara Lokman","doi":"10.3329/jopsom.v41i1.66640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/jopsom.v41i1.66640","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Acid Violence is one of the worst form of violation of basic human rights and a major public health issue. Though the prevalence has dropped dramatically after the enactment of two important laws against this crime in Bangladesh the victims in this country are still leading a disastrous life. The present study aimed to identify the score of Quality of life and to find out the coping strategies among acid victims. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted from July to September, 2019 among purposively selected 101 acid victims in four districts of Bangladesh. Data was collected through face-to-face interview by using SF-36 Health Related Quality of Life scale and Brief Cope Inventory (Carver). Results: About 82% of the acid victims were female, 51.49% were illiterate, income of 69.3% respondents were below 5000 Taka, 80.2% got married before the age of 18 years. Apart from Physical functioning (63.66±32.124) and Social functioning (60.89±39.198), all the domain of the QOL score remains below 30, the score of General health is 27.97±30.791. Active coping was followed a lot (43%) among all the other coping strategies. There was positive correlation with active coping and social functioning(r=0.359, p=0.000) and physical functioning (r=0.288, p=.003). Conclusion: Even after many years of the violence, the acid victims have not regained a good quality of life. Community support and frequent motivational campaigns can help the acid victims to cope up with their situation more positively and thus improve their quality of life. JOPSOM 2021; 41(1):19-24","PeriodicalId":83767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of preventive and social medicine : JOPSOM : a bi-annual journal of the National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine","volume":"32 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136157391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practice on Biomedical Research and Barriers Experienced by The Post-Graduate Medical Students in Bangladesh","authors":"Nelofar Yasmin, Md Jawadul Haque, Shubhra Prakash Paul","doi":"10.3329/jopsom.v41i1.66641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/jopsom.v41i1.66641","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Research experience in medical education is strongly related to post graduate course curriculum and is also highly associated with future career achievements but conducting research is a difficult task at student level. Many hurdles are faced by post-graduate medical students during conducting biomedical research in Bangladesh. Previously doctors were either clinicians or researchers but now it is realized that a good clinician is a good researcher and able to be a competent physician &amp; scientist. This study was conducted to find out practice on biomedical research and barriers experienced by the post-graduate medical students during conducting it in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional type of descriptive study was carried out in the different medical colleges and Universities all over the Bangladesh over a period of 12 months from January to December 2020 among the postgraduate students of different medical colleges. Approval from the Ethical Review Committee (ERC) of Rajshahi Medical College was obtained prior to the commencement of the study and convenient sampling technique was used. Pre-designed, validated, structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 325 respondents on practice of biomedical research and 5-point Likert scale was used for assessment of barriers to its practice. Results: Regarding practice on research, 35.10% respondents had satisfactory practice on biomedical research and only 13.20% had published their research report in journals. Lack of research training &amp; necessary skills (73.80%), lack of fund (68.80%), lack of interest &amp; motivation (66.20%) and lack of appropriate knowledge (65.50%) were commonly faced barrier by the post-graduate medical students. Students who were in Ph. D (100%) and MPH course (68.20%) had more practice on biomedical research than those who were in MD/MS (35.80%), M. Phil (32.40%), FCPS (39.20%) and Diploma (4.90%) courses (p < 0.05). Thesis part (39.50%) and dissertation part (39.20%) post-graduate students had also more practice on biomedical research than those who were in Diploma (4.90%) courses (p < 0.05). But relationship of practice on biomedical research of the respondents was not statistically significant with age, gender, religion, type of medical college of MBBS passing, marital status, parental and spouse educational status (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The study revealed that the post-graduate medical students faced various types of difficulties during conducting research. So, respective higher authorities must be careful to solve their problems during conducting biomedical research. JOPSOM 2021; 41(1):25-34","PeriodicalId":83767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of preventive and social medicine : JOPSOM : a bi-annual journal of the National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine","volume":"7 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136135405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Out-of-Pocket Expenditures of the Injured Patients Admitted in Casualty Unit of CMCH","authors":"Nabeel Chowdhury, Mohammad Nurunnabi, Md Nazmul Hassan Refat, Khorshed Ali Miah, Md Ziaul Islam","doi":"10.3329/jopsom.v41i1.66645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/jopsom.v41i1.66645","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cost of treatment is a major concern in Bangladesh, as well as in many other lower- and middleincome countries and more than half of treatment cost is beard by the patient’s family which is out-of-pocket expenditures. The casualty unit of a hospital is the ultimate place for moderate to severely injured patients. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was commenced to estimate the out-of-pocket expenditures (OPE) incurred by the injured patients among 140 admitted injured patients. Data were collected by face-to-face interview through a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Results: The mean age was 33.3±12.8 years and most of the patients (46.0%) resided in urban areas. The mean monthly family income was 26242.9±12698.9 taka. The majority of the patients had a single wound (71.4%), which was simple hurt (78.6%) in grading. The mean of the total direct costs was 8,936.5±9,437.7 taka and the mean of the total indirect cost was 2,057.0±3,189.9 taka. The mean of total OPE was 10,993.5±11,126.9 taka. Patient’s sex, residence and their grade of injuries (p<0.05) were statistically significant with total OPE by the patients. Conclusion: This study provided some insight into the OPE in the casualty unit of CMCH. Proper referral system and implementation of health insurance can reduce the OPE burden. This study might help developing strategies in hospital settings. JOPSOM 2021; 41(1):35-40","PeriodicalId":83767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of preventive and social medicine : JOPSOM : a bi-annual journal of the National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine","volume":"10 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136157821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of COVID-19 Reinfection and Associated Factors: Findings of a Countrywide Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh","authors":"Md Ziaul Islam, Baizid Khoorshid Riaz, Shah Ali Akbar Ashrafi, Sharmin Farjana, Syeda Sumaiya Efa, Mohammad Adnan Khan","doi":"10.3329/jopsom.v41i1.66639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/jopsom.v41i1.66639","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Information on the extent of COVID-19 reinfection and associated risk factors is scarce in Bangladesh. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence, severity, and associated risk factors of COVID- 19 reinfection. Methods: This countrywide cross-sectional study targeted all COVID-19 patients reported in May 2021 at the Health Information Unit (HIU), Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Bangladesh. The study identified 242 re-infected cases among 41408 confirmed COVID-19 patients by reviewing the medical records at HIU, and DGHS. Considering the selection criteria and informed consent, we enrolled 202 re-infected patients. Data were collected through telephone interviews and reviewing medical records using a semi-structured questionnaire and a checklist. Results: The prevalence of COVID-19 reinfection was 0.58%, and most (98.0%) of them were urban residents. Of all, 37.1% had an interval of 3-6 months between two attacks of infections. The severity of reinfection included asymptomatic (6.4%), mild (67.8%), moderate (22.3%), and severe (3.5%) infections. The moderate and severe (25.9% and 7.4%) illness were significantly (p<0.001) higher in the patients having an interval of <3 months between two attacks. The moderate and severe illnesses (73.7% and 5.3%) were significantly (p<0.001) higher among the patients who didn’t maintain social distance. The patients aged 30-39 years had more chance of having mild (AOR=9.26, p=0.009) and moderate (AOR=16.58, p=0.008) infection. Conclusion: To avert COVID-19 reinfection and its severity, patients should be vigilant about preventive practices even after recovery. The study suggests effective interventions aligned with exposure, physical distancing, vaccination, and comorbidities to mitigate COVID-19 reinfection. JOPSOM 2021; 41(1):8-18","PeriodicalId":83767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of preventive and social medicine : JOPSOM : a bi-annual journal of the National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136135558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary Fiber Consumption and Colorectal Cancer: A Case-Control Study","authors":"Irtika Rahman, Md Ziaul Islam","doi":"10.3329/jopsom.v41i1.66638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/jopsom.v41i1.66638","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an increasingly imperative cause of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the association between dietary fiber consumption and CRC. Methods: This age- and sex-matched case-control study was conducted from July 2020 to June 2021 at the Combined Military Hospital (CMH) and the National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital (NICRH) in Dhaka. A total of 102 cases and 102 controls were selected through purposive sampling. Cases were adult patients diagnosed with CRC, while controls were individuals without cancer. Data were collected using a pretested semistructured questionnaire and checklist, which included information on socio-demographic characteristics, colorectal cancer attributes, and dietary fiber consumption. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect data from both cases and controls. Results: The mean (±SD) age of the cases and controls were 44.7±13.9 years and 45.6±13.3 years, respectively, with a male-female ratio of 1:1.3 in both groups. A significantly higher proportion of cases (53.9%) lived in joint families compared to controls (39.2%) (p=0.035). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was significantly more prevalent in cases (27.5%) than in controls (15.7%) (p=0.041) among the comorbid conditions. Majority of the cases (72.5%) consumed low dietary fiber (<25 grams/day), while three-fifths of the controls (67.6%) consumed normal to high dietary fiber daily (p<0.001). After adjusting for the type of family, residence, and presence of T2DM, participants who consumed low dietary fiber were found to be 7 times more likely to develop CRC than those who consumed normal or high dietary fiber (OR=7.003, 95% CI = 3.616-13.565, p<0.001) based on binary logistic regression. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that low dietary fiber consumption is associated with an increased risk of CRC. Specific measures that could be taken to promote a high-fiber diet include increasing awareness through public health campaigns, providing nutrition education, and ensuring that healthy food options are readily available and accessible to people from all socioeconomic backgrounds. JOPSOM 2021; 41(1):1-7","PeriodicalId":83767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of preventive and social medicine : JOPSOM : a bi-annual journal of the National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine","volume":"45 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136135559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arsenicosis: sex differentials.","authors":"S A Ahmad, M H Sayed, M H Faruquee, M H Khan, M A Jalil, R Ahmed, M A Razzaque, Moyeen-us-safa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of preventive and social medicine : JOPSOM : a bi-annual journal of the National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine","volume":"18 1","pages":"35-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147876750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}