Yolanda Segovia, Rosa María Perez, Norberto Mauricio Grzywacz, Joaquin De Juan
{"title":"Does Müller Cell Differentiation Occur Prior to the Emergence of Synapses in Embryonic Turtle Retina?","authors":"Yolanda Segovia, Rosa María Perez, Norberto Mauricio Grzywacz, Joaquin De Juan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Müller cells are the main glial cells in the retina, and are related to plexiform layer activity. Recent studies have demonstrated that Müller cells are involved in the synaptic conservation, plasticity, development and metabolism of glutamate. During turtle retinal development, layers, cells and synapses appear at different times. The aim of this research is to study the emergence of Müller cells during embryonic development and their relationship with the synaptogenesis. The authors used retinas from <i>Trachemys scripta elegans</i> embryos at stages S14, 18, 20, 23, and 26. Some retinas were processed with immunocytochemistry in order to detect the presence of glutamine synthetase in Müller cells, which was used as a marker of these cells. Other retinas from the same stages were processed for ultrastructural studies. Samples were observed in confocal and transmission electron microscopes, respectively. The present results show that glutamine synthetase expression in Müller cells occurs at S18, before the emergence of the retinal layers and the early synapses.</p>","PeriodicalId":70734,"journal":{"name":"生命科学:英文版","volume":"2012 6","pages":"1200-1205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3959787/pdf/nihms-441841.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32200767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantifying Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Dosage after Knee Arthroplasty.","authors":"Adam R Marmon, Lynn Snyder-Mackler","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recovering functional ability after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) requires recovery of strength and voluntary activation. Short-term recovery of strength and activation are enhanced following a protocol combining strength training with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). The purpose of the study was to determine if a dose response curve could be constructed for patients who received NMES as part of their treatment after TKA. NMES dosage was quantified as the electrically evoked knee extensor torque, expressed as a percentage of the subject's maximal voluntary contraction. Dose-response curves were generated, with the associations between NMES training intensity and quadriceps strength, voluntary activation, and lean muscle cross-sectional area examined using Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients. Significantly, linear correlations were observed between NMES training intensity and both quadriceps strength and voluntary activation, but not lean muscle cross-sectional area. These results suggest that maximizing the elicited training force during rehabilitation will enhance short-term recovery following TKA.</p>","PeriodicalId":70734,"journal":{"name":"生命科学:英文版","volume":"5 8","pages":"581-583"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3837385/pdf/nihms437867.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31898841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}