{"title":"IX. Report on the eruptions of the soufrière, St. Vincent, 1902, and on a visit to Montagne Pelèe, in Martinique. -Part I.","authors":"T. Anderson, J. Flett","doi":"10.1098/RSTA.1903.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/RSTA.1903.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The islands of the Caribbean chain have been occupied by European colonists for several hundred years, yet they cannot even at the present day be said to be thoroughly known or sufficiently explored. Though small, they are for the most part mountainous, and present usually a ridge or backbone of high land forming the main axis of each island, with sharp spurs on each side running down to the sea. Cultivation is practically confined to the lower grounds, where alone there are goodroads, and the interior is covered with dense tropical forest, the aspect of which varies greatly with the altitude, and through which there are only rough bush paths. The valleys are usually very deep and narrow, and the steep slopes are covered with plantations of arrowroot, limes, cocoa, coffee, banana or plantain, while most of the level alluvial ground in the valley bottoms is given up to the growth of sugar cane. In all the British islands, at any rate, the principal peaks and ridges have been ascended, and the main features of the country are delineated on the Admiralty charts, which are the best, and in fact the only available maps. As regards the coast-lines and the lower grounds generally, they are very accurate; but in theinterior only the more important points, the principal mountain summits and the like, have had their position sufficiently determined. The rest of the country has apparently been sketched in more or less carefully—but many of the details as, for example, the courses of the smaller streams, and the number of their branches, cannot be relied on. The want of a good map on a fairly large scale is a great drawback in geological work, and prevents the structure of the country being laid down with anyapproach to minuteness.","PeriodicalId":54621,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A-Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character","volume":"200 1","pages":"353 - 553"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1903-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/RSTA.1903.0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61717984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"VIII. On the movements of the flame in the explosion of gases.","authors":"H. Dixon","doi":"10.1098/rsta.1903.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1903.0009","url":null,"abstract":"(1.) On the Rate of Movement of the Flam, and the produced in theExplosion of Gases. Humphry Davy was the first to observe the rate at which an explosion of gases was propagated in a tube, and he also made the first rough experiment on the temperature reached in an explosion. When gas from the distillation of coal (which he found more inflammable than fire-damp) was mixed with eight times its volume ofair, and was fired in a glass tube 1 foot long and 1/4 inch in diameter, the flame took more than a second to traverse the tube. When cyanogen mixed with twice its volume of oxygen was fired in a bent tube over water, the quantity of water displaced showed that the gases had expanded fifteen times their original bulk. Bunsen, in 1867, made the first careful measurement of the rate at which an explosion is propagated in gases, and he also made the first systematic researches on the pressure and temperature produced by the explosion of gases in closed vessels. His results led him to the remarkable conclusion that there was a discontinuous combustion in explosions. When electrolytic gas, or when carbonic oxide with haltits volume of oxygen, is fired, only one-third of the mixture is burnt, according to Bunsen, raising the temperature of the whole to about 3000° C. No further chemical action then occurs until the gaseous mixture falls, by cooling, below 2500° C. Then a further combustion begins, and so onper Saltum. These deductions were criticised by Berthelot, who pointed out that they assumed the constancy of the specific heats of steam and of carbonic acid at high temperatures.","PeriodicalId":54621,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A-Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character","volume":"200 1","pages":"315 - 352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1903-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsta.1903.0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61717931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}