Bora Aska, Laura J. Sonter, Sophus zu Ermgassen, Daniel M. Franks, Sara Mingorría, Irene Iniesta-Arandia, Thomas J. Lloyd, Aurora Torres
{"title":"Mining, biodiversity and social conflict in the renewable energy transition","authors":"Bora Aska, Laura J. Sonter, Sophus zu Ermgassen, Daniel M. Franks, Sara Mingorría, Irene Iniesta-Arandia, Thomas J. Lloyd, Aurora Torres","doi":"10.1038/s44358-025-00076-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44358-025-00076-3","url":null,"abstract":"Global biodiversity is increasingly threatened by climate change and land-use pressures, including mining. Achieving net zero emissions by 2050 requires transitioning from fossil fuel extraction to sourcing the minerals necessary for renewable energy production. Although material use will probably decline in a low-carbon economy, the intensity, location and ecological footprint of extraction are expected to shift. In this Review, we assess how evolving mineral demands affect biodiversity and social conflicts. We examine the minerals required for renewable energy technologies and infrastructure, and outline the pathways through which mining affects biodiversity from site to global scales. Drawing on cases from the Global Atlas of Environmental Justice, we also explore how these impacts intersect with environmental justice conflicts, examining triggers, concerns and outcomes of conflicts related to energy transition minerals. Although ‘critical minerals’ dominate policy discourse, construction materials account for the largest share of demand by volume and are often neglected in research and policy analysis. Despite expanding research, crucial gaps remain in biodiversity and social risk assessments, comprehensive mineral demand projections and spatial data on the extraction of construction materials. Building a comprehensive understanding of mineral requirements and associated risks is essential for effective decarbonization strategies that are socially and environmentally responsible. Meeting climate goals requires minerals for renewable energy technologies and infrastructure. However, the mining to obtain these minerals negatively affects biodiversity and local communities, undermining conservation and sustainability goals. This Review explores the effects of mining for the renewable energy transition on biodiversity and social conflict.","PeriodicalId":521291,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Biodiversity","volume":"1 9","pages":"597-614"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44358-025-00076-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147922437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Colin J Carlson, Cole B Brookson, Daniel J Becker, Caroline A Cummings, Rory Gibb, Fletcher W Halliday, Alexis M Heckley, Zheng Y X Huang, Torre Lavelle, Hailey Robertson, Amanda Vicente-Santos, Ciara M Weets, Timothée Poisot
{"title":"Pathogens and planetary change.","authors":"Colin J Carlson, Cole B Brookson, Daniel J Becker, Caroline A Cummings, Rory Gibb, Fletcher W Halliday, Alexis M Heckley, Zheng Y X Huang, Torre Lavelle, Hailey Robertson, Amanda Vicente-Santos, Ciara M Weets, Timothée Poisot","doi":"10.1038/s44358-024-00005-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44358-024-00005-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emerging infectious diseases, biodiversity loss, and anthropogenic environmental change are interconnected crises with massive social and ecological costs. In this Review, we discuss how pathogens and parasites are responding to global change, and the implications for pandemic prevention and biodiversity conservation. Ecological and evolutionary principles help to explain why both pandemics and wildlife die-offs are becoming more common; why land-use change and biodiversity loss are often followed by an increase in zoonotic and vector-borne diseases; and why some species, such as bats, host so many emerging pathogens. To prevent the next pandemic, scientists should focus on monitoring and limiting the spread of a handful of high-risk viruses, especially at key interfaces such as farms and live-animal markets. But to address the much broader set of infectious disease risks associated with the Anthropocene, decision-makers will need to develop comprehensive strategies that include pathogen surveillance across species and ecosystems; conservation-based interventions to reduce human-animal contact and protect wildlife health; health system strengthening; and global improvements in epidemic preparedness and response. Scientists can contribute to these efforts by filling global gaps in disease data, and by expanding the evidence base for disease-driver relationships and ecological interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":521291,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Biodiversity","volume":"1 1","pages":"32-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7618822/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147367791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}