Sage open pathology最新文献

{"title":"Diagnostic Utility of the Sydney System in Lymph Node Cytopathology: A Retrospective Analysis.","authors":"Shambhavi Singh, Geetha Vasudevan, Deepa Hc","doi":"10.1177/30502098261473246","DOIUrl":"10.1177/30502098261473246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a widely used technique for the evaluation of lymphadenopathy. The recently proposed Sydney System offers a framework for the categorization, evaluation, and reporting of lymph node cytopathology. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy and risk of malignancy (ROM) for each diagnostic category of the Sydney system.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A two-year retrospective single-center study analyzed 392 lymph node FNAB cases, and categorized according to the proposed Sydney system. The findings were tabulated and analyzed using Jamovi (Version 2.5) and SPSS version 26.0.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 392 lymph node FNAB cases, 72 (18%) had histopathological follow-up. The mean age of the patients was 44 years, with a range of 1-90 years. A slight male predominance was seen, with male to female ratio of 1.17: 1. The cervical group was the most commonly aspirated node (n=241, 61%). Using the Sydney System, 69 (17.6%) were classified in the non-diagnostic/inadequate category, 211 (54%) were reported as benign (L2), 5 (1.2%) as atypical cells of undetermined significance (L3), 2 (0.5%) as suspicious for malignancy (L4), and 105 (26.7%) as malignant (L5). The sensitivity was 96.8%(95% CI: 82.8% to 99.4%), specificity was 96.6%(95% CI: 83.8% to 99.4%), positive predictive value was 96.8%(95% CI: 83.8% to 99.4%), negative predictive value was 96.6%(95% CI: 82.8% to 99.4%), and diagnostic accuracy was 96.7% (95% CI: 88.7% to 99.1%) for the verified subset(n=60). The risk of malignancy was 46.7% to 91.1% for the inadequate category, 0.6% to 17.2% for the benign category, and 88.6% to 100% for the malignant category. ROM was not calculated for L3 and L4 due to the absence of malignant cases and a very small sample size.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Sydney System provides precise, standardized lymph node FNAB reporting, enhancing diagnostic accuracy, risk assessment, and informed clinical management.</p>","PeriodicalId":520893,"journal":{"name":"Sage open pathology","volume":"19 ","pages":"30502098261473246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13554691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148922612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Intersection Between Neuropathology and Artificial Intelligence: A Review.","authors":"Fernando Pereira Frassetto","doi":"10.1177/30502098261472442","DOIUrl":"10.1177/30502098261472442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly relevant in computational pathology, with expanding applications in neuropathology and neuro-oncology. To provide an overview of the main applications of AI in the evaluation of central nervous system tumors, focusing on diagnostic, prognostic, and integrative approaches, a structured literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, including studies published between 2006 and 2025 that addressed the use of AI in neuropathology and neuro-oncology. AI models have been applied to multiple tasks, including intraoperative diagnosis, tumor classification, prediction of molecular alterations, and integration of multi-omics data. Deep learning approaches, particularly convolutional neural networks and multimodal models, demonstrated high accuracy in several studies. In addition, emerging approaches such as foundation models and large language models have further expanded the scope of AI applications in neuropathology. In conclusion, AI shows significant potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, prognostic assessment, and personalized treatment in neuro-oncology. However, challenges such as data heterogeneity, lack of external validation, and barriers to clinical implementation remain.</p>","PeriodicalId":520893,"journal":{"name":"Sage open pathology","volume":"19 ","pages":"30502098261472442"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13462489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148724169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Expression of Sox2 in Human Ocular Surface and Its Implication in Pterygium Pathogenesis.","authors":"Hasan Mahmud Reza, Hajime Ogino, Chio Oka, Yasumasa Bessho, Kunio Yasuda","doi":"10.1177/30502098261477393","DOIUrl":"10.1177/30502098261477393","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The precise etiology and molecular mechanisms underlying pterygium pathogenesis remain poorly understood, and the expression pattern of pluripotency-associated transcription factor SOX2 in human ocular surface has not been fully characterized. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the expression profile of SOX2 and its potential role in pterygium formation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We thoroughly investigated the expression of SOX2 in the cornea, limbus, healthy conjunctiva and pteyrigium by immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that SOX2 is aberrantly expressed in different cellular layers of cornea, limbus and conjunctiva in human ocular surface tissues. Comparative analysis further revealed a sustained elevated SOX2 expression in the pterygium tissues compared with healthy conjunctiva. This increased SOX2 expression was accompanied by upregulation of Ki67 but not CK15.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results suggest that SOX2 is expressed at varying levels in human ocular surface tissues. Also, we report, for the first time, that SOX2 may play a regulatory role in the development of pterygium by promoting cellular proliferation during the abnormal extension of conjunctival tissue onto the corneal surface.</p>","PeriodicalId":520893,"journal":{"name":"Sage open pathology","volume":"19 ","pages":"30502098261477393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13443251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148687440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is There Any Rationale for <i>BCR::ABL1</i> Analysis in Patients With Isolated Eosinophilia?","authors":"Stephen E Langabeer","doi":"10.1177/30502098261473568","DOIUrl":"10.1177/30502098261473568","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520893,"journal":{"name":"Sage open pathology","volume":"19 ","pages":"30502098261473568"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13400886/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148595441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autoimmune Biliary Diseases: From Fragmented Pathways to Precision Diagnosis.","authors":"Anthony Bedran, Karim Hoyek, Doha Houcheimy, Joanna Kreidi, Angelo Chami, Serena Nabhan, Karam Karam, Khalil Bedran","doi":"10.1177/30502098261472445","DOIUrl":"10.1177/30502098261472445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and significance: </strong>Autoimmune biliary diseases, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) are recognized as contributors to chronic cholestatic liver disease. Time-to-diagnosis remains prolonged, despite the presence of high resolution MRCP, expanded autoantibody panels and improved endoscopic tissue acquisition. This is due to the fragmented disease-specific pathways, variable marker sensitivity, overlap syndromes, malignant mimickers and in some cases early/small-duct imaging limitations.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Critically evaluate and synthesize current diagnostic modalities and propose an integrated, precision-layered, phenotype-defined, and tissue-informed diagnostic pathway that standardizes evaluation across autoimmune and immune-mediated cholangiopathies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Major society guidelines such as AASLD/EASL, key reviews and pivotal studies were used in order to extract evidence regarding autoimmune serologies, MRCP and advanced MRCP techniques, elastography/MRE for fibrosis staging and targeted endoscopic-tissue diagnostics, emphasizing on overlap phenotypes, intermediate strictures and malignancy exclusion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seronegative/atypical PBC, limited sensitivity of MRCP in early or small-duct PSC, as well as frequent misclassification of IgG4-SC as PSC; are remarkable contributors of diagnostic delay. Iterative resolution, achieved through sequential escalation from serology to non-invasive ductal mapping, selective tissue clarification and investigational molecular and AI-assisted tools such as radiomics-enhanced MRCP, molecular cytology and liquid biopsy when conventional modalities fail, all aimed to improve discrimination of overlaps and support risk-stratified surveillance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Diagnostic uncertainty and disease misclassification may be reduced by implementing a precision-layered, phenotype-defined, and tissue-informed diagnostic pathway. This will standardize evaluation across autoimmune biliary diseases. It is important to note that these emerging tools remain investigational and require prospective validation prior to routine clinical integration.</p>","PeriodicalId":520893,"journal":{"name":"Sage open pathology","volume":"19 ","pages":"30502098261472445"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13400941/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148595447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cervical Cytological Findings and Vaginal Microbiota Alterations During Pregnancy: A Retrospective Analysis.","authors":"Federica Cianfrini, Antonio d'Amati, Clelia Molinario, Belen Padial Urteta, Chiara Boccaccini, Antonio Benedetto Maria Donateo, Antonietta Vella, Rosaria Santangelo, Rosa Pasqualina De Vincenzo, Angela Santoro, Gian Franco Zannoni","doi":"10.1177/30502098261471115","DOIUrl":"10.1177/30502098261471115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Pregnancy induces physiological and microbiological changes in the cervicovaginal environment, which may affect the interpretation of cervical cytology. Accurate screening in this population is essential to identify both benign and pathological alterations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective monocentric study on 58 conventional Pap smears performed during pregnancy. Cytological findings were classified according to the Bethesda System, and available microbiological and HPV data were analyzed to explore potential relationships.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 58 Pap smears, 46.6% were negative for intraepithelial lesions or malignancy (NILM), while 12.1% showed ASC-US, 10.3% LSIL, 5.2% ASC-H, and 25.9% HSIL. Candida infection and Döderlein-related cytolysis were observed in 8.6% and 8.6% of cases, respectively. HPV genotyping, available in 24 patients, identified several high-risk HPV types. Among cases with available HPV data, high-risk HPV types were more frequently observed in high-grade cytological categories, although this association did not reach statistical significance. Culture-based microbiological data were available only in a very limited subset of patients (n = 6).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cervical cytology during pregnancy remains a valuable screening tool, but its interpretation requires awareness of pregnancy-related changes and potential diagnostic pitfalls. The integration of HPV and microbiological data may provide additional contextual information; however, larger prospective studies with systematic testing are required to clarify the relationship between microbiota, HPV infection, and cytological abnormalities in pregnant women.</p>","PeriodicalId":520893,"journal":{"name":"Sage open pathology","volume":"19 ","pages":"30502098261471115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13396648/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148586645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of Anti-Nuclear Antibody Productions With Activity and Chronicity Indexes in Lupus Nephritis: Experience at Urban-Based Tertiary Medical Center.","authors":"Rassamon Keawvichit, Korawit Kanjana, Nontawat Benjakul","doi":"10.1177/30502098261470352","DOIUrl":"10.1177/30502098261470352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lupus nephritis (LN) is a frequent and severe complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that often necessitates invasive biopsy for definitive management.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the association between antinuclear antibody (ANA) titers, specific immunological markers, and LN pathological indexes (activity and chronicity).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A retrospective observational study utilizing cross-sectional comparisons and longitudinal paired-data analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed 159 patients with biopsy-proven LN at an urban tertiary center (2012-2022). Two distinct analyses were performed: (1) a cross-sectional comparison between baseline SLE and LN onset, and (2) a paired longitudinal analysis of 81 individuals with available data at both time points.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ANA titers remained stable between baseline SLE and LN onset (p > 0.05). However, paired analysis revealed significant anti-Smith (anti-Sm) seroconversion at LN onset (p < 0.01). High-intensity direct Coombs' tests (3+) were significantly more prevalent at LN onset (36.4% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.009). In multivariable analysis, serum creatinine was the primary factor associated with LN presentation (OR = 2.138, 95% CI 1.099-4.161, p = 0.025).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While ANA titers are stable markers of SLE, they do not dynamically reflect the transition to LN. Instead, anti-Sm seroconversion and serum creatinine levels serve as more relevant markers of clinical transition.</p>","PeriodicalId":520893,"journal":{"name":"Sage open pathology","volume":"19 ","pages":"30502098261470352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13380691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148521527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Dyspepsia: An Updated Review of Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and International Management Guidelines.","authors":"Elie Chamchoum, Joya Ghaleb, Noura Chamchoum, Katy Kaleen Khouzami, Kaline Maya Khoury, Nicolas Nassif, Nadia Katrib, Karam Karam, Mona Hallak, Elias Fiani","doi":"10.1177/30502098261470867","DOIUrl":"10.1177/30502098261470867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a prevalent yet challenging gastrointestinal disorder described as a group of upper gastrointestinal symptoms such as epigastric pain or burning, bloating, belching among many others, in the absence of an identifiable organic etiology. Its diagnosis is established according to the Rome IV criteria, which define the disorder by bothersome postprandial fullness, early satiety, epigastric pain and/or epigastric burning present for the last 3 months, with symptom onset at least 6 months before diagnosis. Despite its benign nature, functional dyspepsia can considerably affect patients' quality of life and constitutes a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide, as it is estimated to affect over 20% of the population. FD can be subdivided into the three following subtypes - postprandial distress syndrome (PDS), epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) and a constellation of both - based on symptoms' pattern.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This article provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, subtypes, clinical presentation as well as management strategies of functional dyspepsia. Understanding these aspects is crucial for improving diagnosis and applying effective treatment strategies for patients with functional dyspepsia.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Narrative literature-based review.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar for publications from January 2010 to March 2025, including clinical studies, reviews, and international guidelines related to functional dyspepsia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia remains poorly understood, largely due to its multifactorial nature. Several factors at both the macroscopic and microscopic level have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder such as altered gastrointestinal motility, impaired barrier function, altered gut-brain axis, inflammation as well as psychological factors. Several clinical guidelines, both European and American, have been developed to guide the diagnosis of functional dyspepsia and its management with the primary goal of symptom control.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Functional dyspepsia remains a complex disorder due its diverse clinical features and multifactorial etiology. A patient-centered approach and management based on recent guidlines are essential for effective management of this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":520893,"journal":{"name":"Sage open pathology","volume":"19 ","pages":"30502098261470867"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13376475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148582107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are We Moving Toward Diagnostic Stewardship Or Laboratory Retrogress On <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> Testing?","authors":"Dhammika H Navarathna, Lisa Cornelius, Janell Lukey, Linda K Wiley, Ma Rowena San Juan, Sara C Bolin","doi":"10.1177/30502098261451758","DOIUrl":"10.1177/30502098261451758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread adoption of PCR-based testing for <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection (CDI) has replaced enzyme immunoassays (EIA) in the U.S., increasing sensitivity and reported healthcare-onset CDI (HO-CDI) cases. However, concerns about overdiagnosis persist, as PCR may detect asymptomatic colonization. To mitigate this, some institutions use a 2-step algorithm, confirming positive PCR/GDH results with EIA. Our healthcare system, which exclusively reports PCR results, conducted a process improvement (PI) project to evaluate whether incorporating EIA testing could improve hospital reporting and patient safety. We compared our routine PCR testing with 2 commercial EIA platforms to assess sensitivity and specificity and analyzed PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values in relation to EIA results. EIA tests demonstrated less than 30% sensitivity compared to PCR, artificially reducing HO-CDI cases. Few inpatients tested by PCR despite not meeting CDI testing criteria had positive EIA results, indicating true CDI and highlighting the need for better provider education. Lower PCR Ct values, reflecting higher bacterial loads, correlated with EIA positivity, suggesting that EIA requires higher toxin expression for detection. Implementing decision-making alerts in electronic ordering improved diagnostic stewardship. While multi-step testing algorithms may reduce HO-CDI rates, they risk excluding toxin-negative (false-negative) CDI due to EIA's low sensitivity. This approach offers limited clinical value in CDI management. Instead, reinforcing provider education on appropriate testing criteria is a more effective strategy to reduce unnecessary testing and improve patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":520893,"journal":{"name":"Sage open pathology","volume":"19 ","pages":"30502098261451758"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13272851/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148280759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Expression of MDM2, SOX2, and Ki-67 in Oral and Cutaneous Lichen Planus: Implications for Malignant Potential.","authors":"Mina Sabai, Farzad Sheikhzadeh, Behnaz Mahmoudvand, Benyamin Rahimi, Nika Hosseini Zomorodi, Anahita Rahmati, Amirreza Javadi, Amir Vahedi, Bahareh Mehramuz, Sepideh Hadimaleki","doi":"10.1177/30502098261451759","DOIUrl":"10.1177/30502098261451759","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can show potential for malignant transformation, unlike cutaneous lichen planus (CLP). The exact molecular reasons behind this difference are not well known. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of 3 biomarkers namely MDM2, SOX2, and Ki-67 in OLP and CLP to assess their relationship with cell proliferation and possible malignant potential.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study was carried out at Sina Hospital in Tabriz, Iran, from April 2022 to June 2023. Fifty paraffin-embedded tissue samples were analyzed, including 25 oral and 25 cutaneous lichen planus cases. Sections were stained immunohistochemically for MDM2, SOX2, and Ki-67. Two pathologists, blinded to patient information, evaluated the slides. Expression was classified as negative, low, or high. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 26 using descriptive statistics and Fisher's Exact Test, with a <i>P</i>-value ⩽ .05 considered significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In CLP, all samples were negative for Ki-67, while SOX2 and MDM2 were positive at low levels in only 8% of cases. In OLP, Ki-67 was low in 16%, SOX2 in 20%, and MDM2 was high in 40% of samples. A significant correlation among the 3 markers was seen in OLP (<i>P</i> < .001), but not in CLP. SOX2 expression differed significantly between erosive and non-erosive OLP (<i>P</i> = .047).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>OLP, especially its erosive form, shows higher molecular activity compared with CLP. The coordinated expression of MDM2, SOX2, and Ki-67 supports their role in cell proliferation and malignant potential. MDM2, in particular, may serve as an early indicator for identifying OLP cases at higher risk of malignant transformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":520893,"journal":{"name":"Sage open pathology","volume":"19 ","pages":"30502098261451759"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13269741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148274601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}